THORAX & LUNGS

• upper airway structures

  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Pharynx ( nasophranyx,oropharnyx)
  3. Larynx (adams apple)
• lower airway structures

  • Trachea - divides

  • Bronchioles- terminate

  • Alveoli - where the gas exchange happens
• THORAX

  1 sternum

  2 scapula

  2 clavicle

  12 pair of ribs

  12 thoracic vertebrae
• Breathing Mechanics

  1. Mechanical Process
  2. Physiological Process
• Mechanical Process - pulmonary ventilation

  • inhalation and exhalation
• Physiological Process

  • external-alveoli
  • internal-cappilaries
  • cellular-cell
• Respiration

  1. age:

  newborn - nose breathers

  after age 2 - more oblique intercostal

  aging - muscoskeletal changes

  
  

  2. pregnancy:

  increase by 20%
• Anatomical Landmarks

  left lung : 2 lobes

  right lung : 3 lobes

  divided by : fissures
• Front : extend 2cm (3/4 -1 ), sixth

  Side : eight rib at the maxillary

  Back : T1-T10-T12 (right is slightly higher)
• Respiration Pattern

  1. Eupnea - normal
  2. Tachypnea - 24+ bpm
  3. Bradypnea - -10 bpm
  4. Hyperventilation - fear,anxiety,exercise
  5. Kussmaul - diabetic
  6. Hypoventilation - narcotics
  7. Cheyne-Strokes Respiration - deep,rapid eupnea
  8. Biot's Respiration - depth, apnea
  9. Ataxic - more severe than biot
  10. Air Trapping - trapped in lungs
• Chest Type

  1. Barrel Chest - emphysema, asthma
  2. Pectus Excavatum - cave in (concave shape)
  3. Pectus Carinatum -breast bone
• Fremitus - vibration of air
• Vocal Fremitus

  1. Bronchophony - "99" "blue moon"
  2. Egophony - "e"
  3. Whispered Pectoriloquy - "one-two-three"
• Auscultation

  1. Bronchial - exhale
  2. Bronchovesicular -inhale and exhale (continuous)
  3. Vesicular - prolonged inhalation and short and exhalation
  4. Tracheal - inhale or exhale