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• cosmology


  is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe,

  from the Big Bang to today and on into the future.
• Georges Lemaitre


  first suggested the Big Bang Theory in the 1920s when he theorized that

  the universe began from a single primordial atom
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration


  What is NASA stands for?
• Litosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere

  subsystems of the earth
• Litosphere


  is basically the rocky crust of the earth. It is inorganic and is composed

  mainly of different kinds of minerals.
• Biosphere


  is comprised of all living organisms, from the smallest bacteria to the largest
• Hydrosphere


  This is composed of all the waters in the Earth. This includes the oceans, seas,
• Talc


  the number 1 on the hardness scale, is the softest and can be easily scratched
• Diamond


  the last on the hardness scale, is the hardest among all minerals.
• Drainage or Water Activity.


  The rate of flow of groundwater vertically and laterally (landscape) through a profile,

  sediments or sedimentary rock can affect the nature of the minerals that form, and the presence of resulting minerals.
• Regolith minerals


  can be used as indicators of past landscape position, but the

  interpretation is a combination of drainage and pale landscape evolution or substrate type.
• Construction industry


  Minerals are used in building of foundations, road bases, concrete,

  and drainage, require crushed stones. Sand and gravel are also utilized for the construction of concrete and foundations.
• Agriculture Industry

  Fertilizers are made using phosphate rock and potash. For acidneutralizing soil treatment, Lime is used. Mineral nutrients are also added to animal feeds to

  keep them healthy.
• Chemical Industry


  In ths kind of industry Salt, lime and soda ash are used widely in this

  industry. Amounts of metals, clay and mineral fillers/extenders are used in manufacturing
• Resource

  stock or supply of anything that can be drawn on by anyone to function

  effectively
• Solid


  minerals exist in neither liquid nor gas forms
• Inorganic


  minerals aren't made from living organisms
• Igneous rocks


  are rocks made from the cooling of

  molten material, such as magma, lava, and other pyroclastics. The subsequent development of igneous rocks creates uplift, which exposes them to weathering and erosion.
• Sedimentary rocks


  are rocks made from cementing and compacting eroded materials from

  other rocks called sediments
• Metamorphic rocks


  are rocks made through the process of metamorphism where pressure and temperature dictate its new properties.
• Renewable energy


  is replenished by natural processes as we use it. As the prices of

  conventional fossil fuels have risen, some renewables have become less expensive than conventional energy.
• Solar Energy

  Current technologies allow us to use solar energy in three ways: passive solar

  heating, active solar heating, and electricity production by solar cells.
• passive solar


  house is built to absorb and store the sun's heat directly.
• Active Solar


  heating systems, solar thermal collectors absorb the sun's energy and use it to

  heat water. Pumps then circulate the hot water directly for washing and bathing.
• Geothermal Energy


  This is the energy extracted from Earth's internal heat.
• Wind energy


  production is growing rapidly because the construction of wind generators is

  cheaper than building new fossil fuel-fired power plants. it is also clean and

  virtually limitless.
• Hydroelectric Energy


  If a river is dammed, the energy of water dropping downward through

  the dam can be harnessed to turn turbines that produce electricity.
• Fossil fuels


  are sources of energy that have developed within the Earth many hundred millions of years.
• coal, oil, natural gas


  three major fossil fuels (most basic element is carbon)
• Coal


  originates mainly from dead tree and plant matter. Millions of years ago, leafy plants and trees died and sank into swamps and bogs that covered much of the Earth.
• Water


  covers almost 71% of the total surface area of the planet
• Pacific Ocean


  the largest ocean, covering east of Asia up to the west of the Americas
• Atlantic Ocean


  the second largest ocean, covering east of the Americas up to Europe and

  west of Africa.
• Indian Ocean


  the third largest ocean, covering east of Africa, and the entire peninsula of

  India.
• Southern Ocean


  the fourth largest ocean, surrounding the entire continent that is

  Antarctica.
• Arctic Ocean


  the smallest ocean, considered to be the estuary of the Atlantic.
• Stream


  This refers to all water flowing in a channel, regardless of its size.
• Lakes and shores


  are attractive places to live and play. Clean, sparkling water, abundant

  wildlife, beautiful scenery, aquatic recreation, and fresh breezes all come to mind when we think of going to the lake.
• Hot Springs and Geysers


  At numerous locations throughout the world, hot water naturally flows to the surface to produce hot springs.
• Hydrologic cycle


  is the movement of water around the Earth's surface and other subsystems

  consisting of interconnected pathways and reservoirs.