GENBIO 2.2 (plant nutrition-hormones)

• Plant Nutrition

  Botanists identified 17 essential elements for plant nutrition.
• MAcronutrients from soil

  1. Nitrogen (N) - leaf growth and plant development 2. Phosphorus - improves the roots, stems, flowers, and fruits.
  2. Nitrogen (N) - leaf growth and plant development 2. Phosphorus - improves the roots, stems, flowers, and fruits.3. Potassium - promotes photosynthesis and plant resistance
  3. 4. Calcium
  4. 5. Magnesium
  5. 6. Sulfur
• MIcronutrients from soils 1. Boron (B) 2. Chlorine (Cl) 3. Copper (Cu) 4. Iron (Fe) 5. Manganese (Mn) 6. Molybdenum (Mo) 7. Nickel (Ni) 8. Zinc (Zn)
• FOR THE PLANTS TO REGULATE, PLANT HORMONES/PHYTOHORMONES ARE REQUIRED
• Plant hormones - organic substances - plant growth and development - Increases defense against pathogens - Adapt to environmental stress
• Auxin (promoter)

  • Cell growth

  • Plant elongation
• Gibberellins (GA)

  • Cell elongation
  • Nutritional limitation
• Cytokinin (CK)

  • Seed development
  • Cell expansion
  • Cell differentiation
  • N assimilation
• Salicylic Acid (SA)

  • Biotic and abiotic stresses
  • Seed germination
• Ethylene (ET)

  • Opening of flowers
  • Fruit ripening
  • immunity
• Abscisic acid

  • Plant growth
  • Development
  • Stress response
• Jasmonic Acid (JA)

  • Defense from
  • necrotrophic pathogen
  • Fruit ripening
  • Tuber formation
  • Stomatal opening
• Brassinosteroid

  • Cell division
  • Expansion
  • Elongation
  • Immunity
• Asexual Reproduction

  • Produces individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
  • Increased rate of maturity
  • Sturdier adult plant
  • Natural or artificial (assisted by humans)
• Two types of asexual reproduction

  1. Vegetative
  2. Apomixis
• Vegetative Propagation

  • Plants are grown from the old parts to the new parts of the plants (roots, stems, shoots, and leaves)
  • Natural or artificial (assisted by humans)
• Apomixis

  • Progeny are clones to the mother plants
  • Without fertilization of sexual gametes
  • Embryo and seeds
• Sexual Reproduction

  • Results from fertilization
  • Union of gametes (cells that undergo meiosis)
  • Genetically different
  • Genetic diversity
  • Evolutionary viability
• Types of Sexual Reproduction

  1. Angiosperm
  2. gymnosperm
• Angiosperms: Pollination

  1. Pollen is taken from “anthers” (part of male sex organ, where pollen is made)
  2. Stigma (female part of the flower)
  3. Stems, roots, leaves
  4. Produce seeds
  5. Male and female organs within the flower (pollination)
• Gymnosperm

  1. Leafy green sporophyte generates CONES containing male and female gametophytes
  2. Female cone (bigger), located higher up in the tree
  3. Male contains (microsporophylls) where male gametophytes (pollen) are produced
  4. Then later be carried by wind to female gametophytes
• Sexual Spores

  • Plants produce hundreds of spores and the spore sac bursts (sporangia)
  • These spores are dispersed into the air, where they germinate and create a new plan under favorable conditions.
• Plant Tissue Culture

  • use of small pieces of plant tissues (explants) which are cultured in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions.
• GM Plant

  • Involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism
  • To produce a GM plant, new DNA is transferred into the plant cells
  • Cells are then grown in tissue culture where they develop into plants
• Modern Biotechnological Application in Plants

  1. Plant tissue culture
  2. GM plant
• Asexual Reproduction in ANIMALS

  • Genetically identical to the parent
  • Large number of offspring
  • Well adapted offspring in stable environment
  • Easier colonization
  • Competition on the same types of resources
  • No genetic variation which disables them to survive in unstable environment
• Types of Asexual Reproduction in ANIMALS

  1. Fission (binary fission)
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Parthenogenesis
• FISSION (binary fission)

  • Prokaryotic, and invertebrate
  • Multi-celled organisms
  • Organism splits into two separate organisms

  BUDDING

  • Outgrown of a part of a cell or body
  • Separation from the original organisms into two individuals

  FRAGMENTATION

  • Breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration
  • Separate individual will regrow

  PARTHENOGENESIS

  • Egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized
  • the resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid (depends on the process and the species)
• Sexual Reproduction in ANIMALS

  • Genetically diverse offspring
  • Enhanced evolutionary viability in unstable environment
  • Must maintain two sexes
  • Limit the ability to colonize new habitat
• Types of Sexual Reproduction in ANIMALS

  1. Hermaphroditism
  2. Separate sexes
• HERMAPHRODITISM

  • both male and female reproductive parts
  • Self-fertilize or may mate with another
  • Common in animals that are not motile, such as barnacles and clams.
• SEPARATE SEXES

  • Determine by specific chromosome
  • Environmental sex determination
  • Sex reversal
• • Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a male
  • Heterozygous (ZW) results in female
• • In turtles, cooler temp produce male, warm temp produce females
  • In crocodiles, moderate temp produces male, warm and cool temp produces females
• Some species change their sex during their lives (oysters)

  • Female first “progyny”
  • Male first “protogyny”
• FERTILIZATION

  • Aquatic environments (both eggs and sperm are released in the water)
  • Happens during spawning (several females release their sperm/egg at the same time and same area)
  • May be triggered by water temperature or the length of daylight
• INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

  • Land-based animals
  • Enables sperm to reach an egg even when the external environment is dry
  • Requires sophisticated and compatible reproductive systems, and cooperative behavior that leads to copulation
• Types of Internal Fertilization

  1. Oviparity
  2. Ovoviparity
  3. Viviparity
• OVIPARITY

  • Eggs are laid outside the female body and develop there
  • Receiving nourishment from the yolk that is part of the egg
• OVOVIPARITY

  • Fertilized eggs are retained in the female
  • Embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg yolk and young are fully developed when hatched