IT 223 (Part 3)

• Sound output involves audio output devices and technologies that provide auditory feedback to users.
• Sound output can include speech output, environmental sounds, or feedback sounds that confirm actions or provide alerts within an interface.
• Physical controls refer to tangible interfaces or devices that users interact with to input commands or manipulate digital systems.
• Sensors in computing detect physical conditions or actions, converting them into data for device processing.
• Sensors enable adaptive, responsive systems through types like motion, environmental, biometric, and proximity sensors, enhancing device interaction with users and environments.
• Biosensing technologies monitor physiological data, such as heart rate and brain activity, through sensors in wearables or medical devices.
• Biosensing technologies are key for health monitoring, diagnostics, and enhancing human-computer interaction by adapting interfaces based on the user's physical state.
• Environment sensing

  ● GPS

  ● Temperature

  ● Humidity

  ● Weight
• GPS stands for Global Positioning System.
• GPS: determine geographical location through satellite signals
• Temperature: Sensors that measure the ambient temperature of the environment.
• Humidity: Devices that detect moisture levels in the air, important for weather monitoring and climate control systems.
• Weight: Sensors that measure the mass or load of an object, used in various industrial, retail, and health contexts.
• Printing: A process that transfers text and images from a computer onto various media, typically paper.
• Printers can range from small desktop units for home use to large commercial models for professional printing.
• Scanner: A device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display.
• Scanners convert physical documents into digital format, enabling electronic storage, editing, and sharing.
• RAM: The primary short-term memory of a computer, used to store data and program instructions temporarily while the computer is on.
• RAM: It allows for quick access and manipulation of data that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) needs to execute programs.
• Data in RAM is volatile, meaning it's lost when the power is turned off.
• Long-term storage refers to devices that retain data permanently or semi-permanently.
• Long-term storage are storage mediums that are used to keep data, applications, and operating systems between computing sessions.
• Programs and documents being actively used are stored in RAM for quick access.
• Inactive programs may be swapped out to free up RAM, leading to the Von Neumann bottleneck — a limitation on system performance due to the disparity in speed between the CPU and memory.
• Data compression reduces the storage space needed for files, using algorithms like Huffman coding or fractal compression.
• Compression is essential for efficiently storing and transmitting media files.
• Various formats and standards are used to encode and store data, ensuring compatibility and readability across different systems.
• RTF and XML provide structured formats for documents with rich formatting, and more.
• Indexed databases, allow for fast retrieval based on key values.
• Menu-based systems that offer a user-friendly way to navigate through options.
• "Forgiving" systems like Soundex, designed to find matches even when input errors occur, improving usability especially in search contexts.
• Processing speed in computing systems can significantly affect user experience, either by being too slow or too fast.
• Too Slow: The system may not capture input instantly, leading to input buffering and delayed feedback.
• Too Slow: This can frustrate users and impair the usability of applications.
• Too Fast: Output may be presented more quickly than the user can comprehend, making it difficult to follow or understand information.
• Limitations on Interactive Performance

  ● Computation Bound

  ● Storage Channel Bound

  ● Graphics Bound

  ● Network Bound
• Computation Bound: The system's processing capacity limits performance.
• Storage Channel Bound: The speed at which data can be read from or written to storage devices is the limiting factor.
• Graphics Bound: The ability to render visual content quickly enough can restrict performance, especially in graphically intensive applications.
• Network Bound: Network speed and latency can limit the responsiveness of applications that rely on internet connectivity.