stories in verse or prose form that are meant to be performed onstage in front of an audience
Authors who write dramas are called dramatists or playwrights.
Elements of drama are similar to those of fiction except that drama is written in a form called script, in which the lines are written in dialogues with stage directions
® Instead of chapters, dramas are divided into acts and scenes.
® It serves to persuade because it can be used as propaganda.
I. TRAGEDY
central character has a tragic flaw, making this character a tragic hero.
Hamlet by William Shakespeare is an example of Tragedy
I. COMEDY
aims to make the audience laugh
lighthearted
often take place in unusual circumstances, and it is typical for characters in these plays to utter witty remarks
I. MUSICAL DRAMA
Characters dance and sing.
Drama
Stories in verse or prose form that are meant to be performed onstage in front of an audience
Dramatists/Playwrights
Authors who write dramas
Elements of drama
Similar to those of fiction except that drama is written in a form called script, in which the lines are written in dialogues with stage directions
Instead of chapters, dramas are divided into acts and scenes
Drama
Serves to persuade because it can be used as propaganda
Types of drama
Tragedy
Comedy
Musical drama
Farce
Melodrama
Tragedy
Central character has a tragic flaw, making this character a tragic hero
He or she possesses a characteristic that can lead to his or her downfall
Comedy
Aims to make the audience laugh
Lighthearted
Often take place in unusual circumstances, and it is typical for characters in these plays to utter witty remarks
Musical drama
Characters dance and sing
Various themes are presented, from serious to comedic
Farce
A nonsensical drama that employs slapstick humor
Mainly comedic
Characterized by absurd conditions or situations and ardent actions
Melodrama
Characterized by the characters' exaggerated emotions in various situations
Dialogue
Refers to the characters' speech and is considered the lifeblood of drama
The audience get to understand the story, not only by the characters' actions but also by their speech
One-act play
A play that has only one act, as distinct from plays that occur over several acts
May consist of one or more scenes
The 20-40 minute play has emerged as a popular subgenre of the one-act play, especially in writing competitions
Monologue
A long speech given by one character that can be heard by or directed to other characters who are also onstage
Soliloquy
The speech of a character who is alone onstage portrayed as though the character is talking to himself or herself, or to the audience, and the words cannot be heard by the other characters
Aside
A remark that a character makes that is meant only for the audience to hear, other characters onstage do not hear asides
Elements of drama
Direction
Acting
Editing
Set design
Cinematography
Production design
Costume design
Make-up
Properties
Light/Light effects
Sound effects
Visual effects
Theme song
Musical score
Story
Modes/medium of drama
Stage play
Radio play
Television play
Movie/Film
Jose Rizal: 'Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.'
Lualhati Bautista: 'Huwag mong ituring na bato ang kanyang mga salita.'
Bob Ong: 'Hindi kita iiwan. Hindi kailanman.'
Conventions of oral literature
Common experiences of the community as subject matter
Communal authorship
Formulaic repetitions
Stereotyping of characters
Regular rhythmic and musical devices
Periods of Philippine literature
Pre-colonial period
Spanish period
Mythological age
The period when our ancestors told stories about the creation of human beings and the world, natural phenomena, and deities and spirits
Heroic age
Ordinary mortals and cultural heroes became the chief subject matter in this period
Epics became a popular genre
Chanted during important events in the community to inspire people
Also performed to remind the community of their ideals and values
Folktales
Traditional stories that had humans, animals, and even plants as characters
Fictional tales that have been modified through successive retellings before they were finally recorded and written down
Baybayin
The pre-colonial Filipino writing system
Derived from Kavi, a Javanese (Indonesian) script
A syllabic script, which means each character stands for a syllable and is made up of a combination of basic shapes
Early Filipinos wrote on palm leaves or bamboo using knives as pens and sap from plants and trees as ink
The ancient Tagalog script had 17 basic syllables composed of three vowels and fourteen consonants
Baybayin vowels
a
e/i
o/u
Baybayin consonants
ba
ka
da/ra
ga
ha
la
ma
na
nga
pa
sa
ta
wa
ya
March 16, 1521 - when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippine soil
Homonhon - an island in Eastern Samar where Magellan landed
Limasawa - where the first Catholic mass in the country was celebrated