21st

• DRAMA

  stories in verse or prose form that are meant to be performed onstage in front of an audience
• Authors who write dramas are called dramatists or playwrights.
• Elements of drama are similar to those of fiction except that drama is written in a form called script, in which the lines are written in dialogues with stage directions
• ®     Instead of chapters, dramas are divided into acts and scenes.
• ®     It serves to persuade because it can be used as propaganda.
• I.                 TRAGEDY

  central character has a tragic flaw, making this character a tragic hero.
• Hamlet by William Shakespeare is an example of Tragedy
• I.                 COMEDY

  aims to make the audience laugh

  lighthearted

  often take place in unusual circumstances, and it is typical for characters in these plays to utter witty remarks
• I.                 MUSICAL DRAMA

  Characters dance and sing.
• Drama


  Stories in verse or prose form that are meant to be performed onstage in front of an audience
• Dramatists/Playwrights


  Authors who write dramas
• Elements of drama

  • Similar to those of fiction except that drama is written in a form called script, in which the lines are written in dialogues with stage directions
  • Instead of chapters, dramas are divided into acts and scenes
• Drama


  Serves to persuade because it can be used as propaganda
• Types of drama

  • Tragedy
  • Comedy
  • Musical drama
  • Farce
  • Melodrama
• Tragedy


  • Central character has a tragic flaw, making this character a tragic hero
  • He or she possesses a characteristic that can lead to his or her downfall
• Comedy


  • Aims to make the audience laugh
  • Lighthearted
  • Often take place in unusual circumstances, and it is typical for characters in these plays to utter witty remarks
• Musical drama


  • Characters dance and sing
  • Various themes are presented, from serious to comedic
• Farce


  • A nonsensical drama that employs slapstick humor
  • Mainly comedic
  • Characterized by absurd conditions or situations and ardent actions
• Melodrama


  • Characterized by the characters' exaggerated emotions in various situations
• Dialogue


  • Refers to the characters' speech and is considered the lifeblood of drama
  • The audience get to understand the story, not only by the characters' actions but also by their speech
• One-act play


  • A play that has only one act, as distinct from plays that occur over several acts
  • May consist of one or more scenes
  • The 20-40 minute play has emerged as a popular subgenre of the one-act play, especially in writing competitions
• Monologue


  A long speech given by one character that can be heard by or directed to other characters who are also onstage
• Soliloquy


  The speech of a character who is alone onstage portrayed as though the character is talking to himself or herself, or to the audience, and the words cannot be heard by the other characters
• Aside


  A remark that a character makes that is meant only for the audience to hear, other characters onstage do not hear asides
• Elements of drama

  • Direction
  • Acting
  • Editing
  • Set design
  • Cinematography
  • Production design
  • Costume design
  • Make-up
  • Properties
  • Light/Light effects
  • Sound effects
  • Visual effects
  • Theme song
  • Musical score
  • Story
• Modes/medium of drama

  • Stage play
  • Radio play
  • Television play
  • Movie/Film
• Jose Rizal: 'Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.'
• Lualhati Bautista: 'Huwag mong ituring na bato ang kanyang mga salita.'
• Bob Ong: 'Hindi kita iiwan. Hindi kailanman.'
• Conventions of oral literature

  • Common experiences of the community as subject matter
  • Communal authorship
  • Formulaic repetitions
  • Stereotyping of characters
  • Regular rhythmic and musical devices
• Periods of Philippine literature

  • Pre-colonial period
  • Spanish period
• Mythological age


  The period when our ancestors told stories about the creation of human beings and the world, natural phenomena, and deities and spirits
• Heroic age

  • Ordinary mortals and cultural heroes became the chief subject matter in this period
  • Epics became a popular genre
  • Chanted during important events in the community to inspire people
  • Also performed to remind the community of their ideals and values
• Folktales


  • Traditional stories that had humans, animals, and even plants as characters
  • Fictional tales that have been modified through successive retellings before they were finally recorded and written down
• Baybayin


  • The pre-colonial Filipino writing system
  • Derived from Kavi, a Javanese (Indonesian) script
  • A syllabic script, which means each character stands for a syllable and is made up of a combination of basic shapes
  • Early Filipinos wrote on palm leaves or bamboo using knives as pens and sap from plants and trees as ink
  • The ancient Tagalog script had 17 basic syllables composed of three vowels and fourteen consonants

  
• Baybayin vowels


  • a
  • e/i
  • o/u
• Baybayin consonants


  • ba
  • ka
  • da/ra
  • ga
  • ha
  • la
  • ma
  • na
  • nga
  • pa
  • sa
  • ta
  • wa
  • ya
• March 16, 1521 - when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippine soil
• Homonhon - an island in Eastern Samar where Magellan landed
• Limasawa - where the first Catholic mass in the country was celebrated