NEURO-ANA LAB

• Peripheral Nervous System


  The part of your nervous system that lies outside the brain and spinal cord. It plays a key role in both sending information from different areas of your body back to your brain, as well as carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your body.
• Cranial Nerves


  • Olfactory
  • Optic
  • Oculomotor
  • Trochlear
  • Trigeminal
  • Abducens
  • Facial
  • Vestibulocochlear
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
• Spinal Nerves


  • 8 Cervical
  • 12 Thoracic
  • 5 Lumbar
  • 5 Sacral
  • 1 Coccygeal
• Cervical Plexus


  • Nerve connections to the head, neck, and shoulder
• Brachial Plexus


  • Connections to the chest, shoulders, upper arms, forearms, and hands
• Lumbar Plexus


  • Connections to the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves
• Sacral Plexus


  • Connections for the posterior thigh, most of the lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis
• Coccygeal Plexus


  • Composed of the merging of nerves S4 through Co1, this plexus supplies motor and sensory control of the genitalia and the muscles that control defecation
• Nerve Fibers


  Many axons, commonly known as fibers, are found in each nerve. The endoneurium, a layer of connective tissue, envelops every axon of a nerve. Fascicles are the collective name for the bundles of axons. The perineurium, a layer of connective tissue, envelopes each fascicle. Lastly, a layer of connective tissue known as the epineurium envelops the entire nerve.
• Endoneurium


  The endoneurium, also referred to as Henle's sheath, envelopes each individual Schwann cell–axon unit (a myelinated axon encircled by Schwann cells) of peripheral nerves, as well as the endoneurial capillaries that accompany them and supply the nerve axons. Type III collagen (reticulin) fibers make up the majority of the endoneurium. Its biological constituents are mostly endothelium and Schwann cells. The main function of the endoneurium is to electrically isolate individual nerve axons. It also plays an important role in maintaining endoneurial fluid pressure.
• Perineurium


  The primary diffusion barrier separating the endoneurium from the extrafascicular tissues is the perineurium. Made up of concentric layers of massive, flat perineurial cells. Perineurium isolates groups of axon-Schwann cell units to create nerve fascicles.
• Epineurium


  Of all the layers of connective tissue that make up a peripheral nerve, the epineurium is the strongest and is located on the outside. Collagen fibers (types I and III), fibroblasts, fat, lymphatics, blood vessels, and the vasa nervorum—which connects to vessels inside the nerve—make up its major constituents. The nerve's tensile strength and cushioning are both enhanced by the epineurium.
• Ganglia


  A ganglion is a group of neuronal bodies that are located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)'s voluntary and autonomic branches. Ganglia can be compared to synaptic relay hubs for neurons. Information enters the ganglia, activates the ganglia's neurons, and subsequently leaves. The body's ganglia serve as the nervous system's relay stations, allowing one nerve to enter and another to escape as needed. In order to connect the components of the peripheral and central nervous systems, ganglia are crucial.
• Ganglia Structure


  • Ganglia have an oval shape and contain: Somata, the cell bodies of neurons. In the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia, satellite glial cells envelop neurons and aid in chemical environment regulation. They could be a factor in persistent pain. The ganglion is enveloped in a thick capsule of connective tissue, and each neuronal cell body is surrounded by a single layer of satellite cells that have a flat shape. The outermost layer of the satellite cells is protected by a basement membrane.
• Types of Ganglion


  • Sensory Ganglion
  • Motor Ganglion
  • Internal Organs (Paravertebral and Terminal Ganglia)
• Receptors


  Biological transducers known as receptors transform energy from internal and external environments into electrical impulses. They can be dispersed, like those of the skin and viscera, or they can be massed together to create a sense organ, like the eye or ear.
• Types of Receptors


  • Chemoreceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
• Autonomic Nervous System


  Under the peripheral nervous system, this division controls involuntary physiological functions such as blood pressure, breathing, digestion, sexual arousal, and heart rate.
• Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

  • Sympathetic - Fight or Flight
  • Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest
  • Enteric - Regulates GI function / motility
• Peripheral Neuropathy


  Damage to the peripheral nerves, which are found outside of the brain and spinal cord, results in peripheral neuropathy. This ailment frequently results in discomfort, numbness, and weakness, generally in the hands and feet. It may also have an impact on other bodily parts and processes, such as urination and digestion.
• Radiculopathy


  • A variety of symptoms brought on by a spinal column nerve root pinching are referred to as radiculopathy. There are three locations on the spine where a pinched nerve can occur: the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. Radiculopathy can cause a variety of symptoms, most commonly pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling in specific areas.
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome


  • In the rare condition known as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), the body's immune system causes nerve damage. Nerve injury results in muscular weakening and occasionally paralysis.
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)


  Extends outward from the central nervous system, branching throughout the body like a vast network of communication highways
• Central Nervous System (CNS)


  • Serves as the command center for processing and integrating information
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Plays a crucial role in connecting the CNS to the rest of the body
  • Relays sensory information from the body's periphery to the CNS
  • Transmits motor signals from the CNS to muscles and glands
  • Facilitates both voluntary and involuntary bodily functions
• Nerves


  • Bundles of nerve fibers (axons) enclosed within connective tissue sheaths
  • Serve as communication channels that transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
  • Can be classified into sensory nerves (afferent) and motor nerves (efferent)
• Ganglia


  • Clusters of neuronal cell bodies located outside the CNS
  • Serve as relay stations where sensory information is processed before being transmitted to the CNS or where motor signals are initiated before being sent to target organs
  • Particularly prominent in the autonomic nervous system
• Sensory Receptors


  • Specialized structures located in various tissues and organs
  • Detect external and internal stimuli
  • Convert stimuli into electrical signals transmitted via sensory nerves to the CNS
• Motor Endings


  • Specialized structures located at the ends of motor nerve fibers
  • Release neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses, initiating muscle contraction, glandular secretion, or other motor responses
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Structures


  • Sympathetic ganglia
  • Parasympathetic ganglia
  • Specialized nerve plexuses (e.g. enteric plexus)
  • Coordinate the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands to maintain homeostasis and respond to changes in the internal and external environment
• Somatic Nervous System (SNS)


  • Controls voluntary movements and processes sensory information related to touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception
  • Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles
  • Sensory neurons carry information from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, and organs to the CNS
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)


  • Regulates involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, respiration, and glandular secretion
  • Divided into Sympathetic Nervous System (responsible for "fight or flight" response) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (promotes relaxation and conservation of energy)
• Enteric Nervous System (ENS)


  • Complex network of neurons located within the gastrointestinal tract
  • Controls gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow
  • Plays a critical role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and elimination
  • Receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS
• The plexus is the organization of nerves
• Fill in the blanks

  A) motor (efferent) division

  B) Visceral sensory

  C) Autonomic nervous system

  
• Fill in the blanks: parasympathetic vs. sympathetic

  A) Stimulate peristalsis and secretion

  B) Dilates pupil

  C) slows heartbeat

  D) Accelerates heartbeat

  E) Vagus nerves

  
• Fill in the blanks: spinal nerves and their functions

  A) trunk stability

  B) C2: head and neck movement

  C) Cervical region

  D) Thoracic region

  E) Lumbar region

  F) sacral region

  G) coccygeal nerves

  H) L5: knee flexion