pt 2

• Members of the Reform Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad

  • Dr. Jose P. Rizal (Dimasalang/Laong Laan)
  • Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel)
  • Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang/Kalipulako)
• Revolutionaries and Kalayaan writers

  • Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-Asa)
  • Emilio Aguinaldo (Dimasilaw)
• Ladíno


  A bilingual poem with religious themes, characterized by alternating lines or verses in Tagalog and Spanish. The term ladino also refers to Filipinos who were fluent in both Spanish and Filipino.
• Pasyon


  A narrative poem about the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which replaced the precolonial oral tradition and consists of five-line stanzas with eight syllables per line.
• The earliest known pasyon is the Ang Mahal na Pasión ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin na Tola in 1704.
• Korido


  A narrative poem that consists of eight syllables per line and four lines per stanza, with a faster rhythm compared to an awit. An example is Ibong Adarna, which contains 1,722 stanzas and has five parts.
• Dalit Literature


  A religious poem in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
• Francisco Baltazar


  • One of the famous poets of the Spanish colonial period, who wrote the awit Florante at Laura, a metaphor for the tyranny of the Spanish colonizers, and is considered the master of traditional Tagalog poetry.
• Spanish friars attempted to eliminate these stories and replaced them with religious ones to convert natives to Christianity.
• Spanish missionaries published meditations, translations, and studies on the Philippine languages. In 1593, a prayer book called the Doctrinal Christiana en lengua Española y tagala (Christian Doctrine in the Spanish and Tagalog Languages) was one of the first books printed in the Philippines.
• Spanish friars also made an attempt to learn the different languages in the Philippines to communicate with the natives. The first book explaining the principles of the Tagalog language was Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (The Art and Rules of the Tagalog Language).
• Tomas Pinpin's Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castilla (A Book for the Tagalog to Study the Spanish Language) was the first published work by a Filipino and contains a preface that is probably the first essay written by a Filipino.
• Anecdotes


  Short and amusing stories that contain lessons in life, often used by priests as part of their sermons. Examples include the Tagalog translation and adaptation of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe entitled Ang Bagong Robinson, Historiang Nagtuturo nang Mabuting Caugalian, na Guinauang Tanungan (The New Robinson, a Story That Teaches Good Conduct, Done in Primer Form) by Joaquin Tuason.
• Pláticas (Sermons)


  Lectures presented by Spanish priests that dealt with religious, biblical, and moral topics. In 1864, Padre Modesto de Castro compiled 25 of his sermons in Pláticas Doctrinales (Sermons on Doctrines).
• Novenas


  A series of prayers repeated for nine consecutive days, usually for petition and thanksgiving.
• Novels


  Long narrative stories, usually with fictional characters and with a sequence of events divided into chapters. Examples include Pedro Paterno's Ninay (considered the first Filipino novel), Padre Modesto de Castro's Urbana at Feliza, Padre Miguel Lucio y Bustamante's Si Tandang Basio Macunat, and Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
• Essays


  Personal pieces of writing that use the point of view of the writer. One of the most important essays during the Spanish colonial period is "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog" by Andres Bonifacio, published in the newspaper Kalayaan.
• Performances in the Philippines during the pre-colonial period were in the form of rituals.
• During the Spanish regime, the rituals were replaced by drama, and dramas were performed to spread Christianity. Most dramas during the period focused on the life of Jesus Christ.
• Karagatan


  A form of poetic contest usually played as part of the rites held in connection with the death of a person.
• Duplo


  Another poetic contest held when a person dies or during the wake, consisting of puns, jokes, and riddles to relieve sadness.
• Senakulo


  A drama that portrays the life, passion, and crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
• Tibag

  A drama that tells how Saint Helena, also called Santa Elena or Reyna Elena, searched for Jesus's cross on Mount Calvary.
• Moriones


  A festival in celebration of the life of Saint Longinus, a blind Roman soldier tasked to drive a spear through Jesus to make sure he was dead; he regained his eyesight when Jesus's blood touched him, and he converted to Christianity.
• Moro-moro


  A play written about the victory of a Christian Filipino army over Muslim forces.
• Sarsuwela


  A play with songs and dances with up to five acts, portraying the whimsies of romantic love.
• Lagaylay


  A special occasion participated in by women in some parts of Bicol region and a song-and-dance performance that aims to make a vow, make a petition, or offer praise and love toward religious icons such as the Blessed Cross that St. Helen planted.
• Panunuluyan


  A presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn where Mary can give birth to Jesus, presented before 12:00 A.M. on Christmas Eve.
• The Salubong


  A drama that depicts the moment when the Risen Christ met his mother, shown during the Easter morning.
• Carillo


  A form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest.
• The Sainette


  A short musical comedy popular during the 18th century, a form of exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays, with themes taken from everyday life scenarios.
• On April 11, 1899, John Hay, the US Secretary of State, signed an agreement wherein Spain surrendered the remaining colonies of the Spanish empire, including the Philippines, to the United States for 20 million dollars.
• Education was first headed by American soldiers, and then teachers called the Thomasites. Public education was made free, and the medium of instruction used was English. This created a new educated middle class in the country.
• Alongside the use of English in education, Filipinos learned American models of thought, culture, and ways of life.
• An initial boom in literature in Spanish before English became more widespread through promotion and schooling.
• Comics and satirical editorial cartoons began appearing in publications.
• Tagalog drama went from merely a form of entertainment to an expression of revolt.
• English sarswela (stage musicals) began to emerge.
• Filipino writers became apprentices to American writers, first learning to emulate their styles before creating their own.
• Essays and short stories became popular literary mediums.