cadllp

• Developmental Stages


  Sequences of tasks that an individual must complete to progress successfully through life
• Developmental Tasks


  Predictable and consistent tasks that an individual must solve in a specific life period
• Developmental Stages


  • Infancy and early childhood (birth until 6)
  • Middle childhood (6-12)
  • Adolescence (13-18)
  • Early adulthood (19-30)
  • Middle age (30-60)
  • Later maturity (60 and over)
• Developmental Stages


  • They are orderly and sequentially linked with the preceding and succeeding stages
  • Features unique to each stage change from stage to stage
  • They vary from person to person, making every individual unique
• Developmental Tasks


  The midway between an individual's need and a social demand, assuming an active learner interacting with an active social environment
• Developmental Tasks


  • Successful achievement leads to happiness and increased competence
  • Failure can result in unhappiness, disapproval, and difficulty in later tasks
• Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Early Childhood

  • Learning to walk
  • Learning to take solid foods
  • Learning to talk
  • Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
  • Learning sex differences and sexual modesty
  • Forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality
  • Getting ready to read
• Infancy (0-1 year)


  • Period of rapid physical growth and sensory exploration
  • Significant dependencies on caregivers for basic needs
  • Gradual development of motor skills
  • Reliance on nonverbal cues to communicate
• Early Childhood (2-5 years)


  • Period of significant cognitive and social development
  • Increased independence and curiosity
  • Acceleration of language acquisition
• Physical Development in Infancy

  • Rapid growth in height, weight, and brain development
  • Development of motor skills such as grasping, rolling over, sitting up, and crawling
  • Range of reflexes such as sucking, rooting, and grasping
• Physical Development in Early Childhood

  • Changes in height and weight at a slower pace
  • Refinement of motor skills such as running, jumping, and climbing
  • Development of hand-eye coordination
• Cognitive Development in Infancy

  • Early cognitive abilities like recognition of familiar faces, responses to stimuli, and simple imitation
  • Limited attention span
  • Sensory exploration using senses
• Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

  • Expansion of language skills and vocabulary growth
  • Development of pre-reading skills
  • Advancement in problem-solving abilities
  • Engagement with imaginative scenarios and role-playing
• Social Development in Infancy

  • Primary attachments with caregivers
  • Engagement through responsive interactions
  • Limited social interaction with peers
• Social Development in Early Childhood

  • Formation of peer relationships and cooperative play
  • Development of empathy and understanding of others' emotions
  • Obtainment of social norms and rules
• Emotional Development in Infancy

  • Display of basic emotions
  • Dependence on caregivers for emotional regulation
  • Early signs of self-awareness
• Emotional Development in Early Childhood

  • Increasing emotional regulation and ability to express feelings verbally
  • Development of self-concept and self-esteem
  • Capacity for empathy and perspective-taking
• Developmental Tasks of Middle to Late Childhood (6-12 years)

  • Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
  • Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself
  • Learning to get along with age-mates
  • Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine social role
  • Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating
  • Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
  • Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values
  • Achieving personal independence
  • Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions
• Physical Development in Middle to Late Childhood

  • Continued growth in height and weight
  • Improved motor skills and coordination
  • Increased physical strength and endurance
• Cognitive Development in Middle to Late Childhood


  • Increased ability to retain and recall information
  • Enhanced attention span and concentration
  • Development of problem-solving skills and logical reasoning
  • Progress in language proficiency and communication abilities
• Social Development in Middle to Late Childhood

  • Formation of deeper friendships with peers
  • Acquisition of social skills such as cooperation, empathy, and conflict resolution
  • Participation in group activities and collaborative efforts
• Emotional Development in Middle to Late Childhood


  • Understanding and recognition of one's own emotions
  • Development of strategies for emotional regulation
  • Establishment of a stronger sense of self-identity
  • Heightened empathy and sensitivity towards the feelings of others
• Adolescence


  The transition period between childhood and early adulthood, marked by rapid physical and psychological changes
• Developmental Tasks of Adolescence

  • Accepting one's physique and using the body effectively
  • Achieving new and more mature relationships with age-mates of both sexes
  • Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
  • Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
  • Preparing oneself to have economic independence through an enjoyable and productive career
  • Preparing for marriage and family life
  • Desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour
  • Acquiring a set of values and ethical system and developing an ideology as a guide to behavior
• During adolescence, individuals undergo significant emotional development, experiencing a wide array of both positive and negative emotions
• Main developmental tasks for adolescents

  • Accepting one's physique as it is and using the body effectively
  • Achieving new and more mature relationship with agemates of both sexes
  • Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
  • Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
  • Preparing oneself to have economic independence through an enjoyable and productive career
  • Preparing for marriage and family life
  • Desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour
  • Acquiring a set of values and ethical system and developing an ideology as a guide to behavior
• Adolescent emotions


  • Often felt intensely, with expressions often exaggerated
  • Preferences for food may be described as love or hatred
  • Mood swings are common, leading to unpredictable behavior
  • Sex-related emotional experiences, such as crushes and infatuations, also emerge
• Cognitive development in adolescence

  • Attain Piaget's "formal operations" stage, enabling comprehension of abstract concepts and probabilistic thinking
  • Develop both inductive and deductive reasoning abilities, along with reflection, analysis, judgment, and hypothesis formulation
  • Prioritize their own opinions, often leading to confrontations with authority figures
  • Adopt an experimental mindset, questioning and defending viewpoints rigorously
  • Vocabulary expands notably
  • Demonstrate the capacity to manage multiple intellectual tasks concurrently
• Moral development in adolescence

  • Form their own ethical sense based on personal experiences rather than just parental teachings
  • Question societal moral codes, accepting only those they believe in, rather than striving solely to please others
  • Understand the importance of law in society and develop personal values that guide their decisions
  • Navigate between childhood and adulthood, grappling with the question of self-identity
• Social development in adolescence

  • Transition from dependence on parents to reliance on peers, with friendships becoming paramount
  • Prioritize spending time with friends over family and seek recognition within their peer groups
  • Experience conflict with parents as they assert independence
  • Experience attraction towards the opposite sex due to sexual maturity
  • Form beliefs, opinions, and attitudes about society, influenced by media such as music and television
  • Body image becomes a major concern, with adolescents obsessing over appearance, fashion, and style as they experiment with social roles
• Emerging adulthood


  Neither adolescence nor young adulthood, a time of life when many different directions remain possible, when little about the future is decided for certain, when the scope of independent exploration of life's possibilities is greater for most people than it will be at any other period of the life course
• Developmental tasks of early adulthood

  • Achieving autonomy: trying to establish oneself as an independent person with a life of one's own
  • Establishing identity: more firmly establishing likes, dislikes, preferences, and philosophies
  • Developing emotional stability: becoming more stable emotionally which is considered a sign of maturing
  • Establishing a career: deciding on and pursuing a career or at least an initial career direction and pursuing an education
  • Finding intimacy: forming first close, long-term relationships
  • Becoming part of a group or community: young adults may, for the first time, become involved with various groups in the community
  • Establishing a residence and learning how to manage a household: learning how to budget and keep a home maintained
  • Becoming a parent and rearing children: learning how to manage a household with children, making marital adjustments and learning to parent
• Physical changes in early adulthood

  • Body reaches full height by the late teens, and physical strength increases into the late 20s and early 30s
  • Manual agility and coordination, and sensory capacities such as vision and hearing, are also at their peak
  • Decline in the perception of high pitched tones is found by the late 20s
  • Manual dexterity begins to reduce in the mid 30s
  • Legally able to use damaging substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, and many can obtain access to illegal stimulants or narcotics
  • Increasing responsibility for organizing their own eating habits and exercise regimes
• Intimacy vs. Isolation


  The psychological conflict of early adulthood, reflected in the young person's thoughts and feelings about making a permanent commitment to an intimate partner
• Achieving intimacy


  • Can be actualized through close friendships, romantic relationships, starting a family, or all three
  • Requires a firm sense of identity, gained in earlier developmental stages
  • Those lacking a strong sense of identity have less satisfactory relationships, and they tend to be more emotionally isolated, lonely and depressed
• Isolation


  A person's attempt to avoid intimacy, may be because of fear of commitment or hesitance to open up, can prevent development of healthy relationships
• Cognitive development in early adulthood

  • Individuals are in the Formal Operational stage, developing logical and abstract thinking
  • Combine objective rational and logical thinking with subjective elements of based personal experience
  • Thoughts and beliefs may change as a result of logic combining with experience, becoming less idealistic and more practical
• Cognitive development theories in early adulthood

  • Piaget's theory reflects a more independent thought development
  • Sternberg suggests that social pressure is far more impacting on the development of an individual
  • Sternberg saw cognitive development as components in which some components were stronger than others and these differences would therefore alter one's perceptions and thinking over time
• Young adulthood is a long period of change in which people move from an immature state of thought to a mature perception of the world
• Developmental tasks of middle adulthood

  • Tasks relating to physical changes: Acceptance of and adjustment to physical changes
  • Tasks relating to changing interests: Assuming civic and social responsibilities, developing adult-oriented leisure activities
  • Tasks relating to vocational adjustments: Establishing and maintaining a relatively stable standard of living
  • Tasks relating to family life: Relating to spouse as a person, adjusting to aging parents, assisting teenage children