ucsp 2

• BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION

  Refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in

  the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from

  one generation to another.
• Biological evolution is based on the theory of

  evolution that was introduced by the famous English

  naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin. He hypothesized

  that the evolution of species happens through the process of

  natural selection.
• Natural Selection

  Traits that

  enhance survival and reproductive success increase in

  frequency over time
• SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION

  Refers to the changes or development in cultures

  from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture.
• Sociocultural evolution happens as a result of human

  adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and

  population increase
• The oldest and most basic way of economic

  subsistence is hunting and gathering. Hunting and gathering

  societies produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for

  animals and gather plants and vegetation for food
• Family is the basic unit of hunting and gathering

  societies.
• Horticultural societies are described as

  semisedentary societies because they do not frequently

  move as opposed to hunting and gathering societies
• Pastoral societies' principal means of subsistence is

  animal domestication. Pastoralist societies are classified as

  animal herders and subsist based on the resources provided

  by their animals.
• Industrial societies began when the industrial

  revolution swept through Europe during the late 18th century.

  During the Industrial Revolution,
• The Post-Industrial Revolution is an important

  development from the Industrial Revolution as economic

  production focused on the use and application of new

  information technology rather than factories.
• Agricultural societies started to cultivate wheat, barley,

  peas, rice, and millet. Humans began to farm and

  domesticate animals
• Imitation – the child starts with mimicking behaviors and

  actions of significant others around him or her
• Play – the child takes different roles he or she observes in

  “adult” society, and plays them out to gain an understanding

  of the different social roles
• Game – the child must take the role of everyone else

  involves in the game. In the game stage, the organization

  begins and definite personalities start to emerge.
• Generalized Others – children begin to function in

  organized groups, and most importantly, to determine what

  they will do within a specific group
• Identity Formation is the development of an

  individual’s distinct personality, which is regarded as a

  persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person

  is recognized or known.
• Self-concept is the sum of a person’s

  knowledge and understanding of his or herself.