DEVC 10 - Modules 1 to 4

• Why are international relations and politics inevitable? (1) Trade allows nations to survive (2) Multinational and Transnational Corporations are practically involved in our daily life, online and offline (3) Many nations in the Global South are former colonies of historically powerful nations in Europe (4) Many nations still fight over resources
• Critical development scholars still think that there are "neocolonial" relations that persist between the colonizers and their former colonies.
• Poverty is a social reality around the world, but it is more prevalent in the Global South, which refers to low-income nations and emerging economies mostly located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
• Most of the Global South were former colonies of the Global North, which mostly includes wealthy and industrialized nations in Europe, North America, and Ocenia.
• Necessity is the mother of invention.
• Poverty is a problem that brings with it a host of other virulent problems, such as societal instability, vices, and diseases.
• You are unemployed when you do not earn a living
• You are underemployed when your job requires skills that are way below what you trained for.
• Seven out of the ten most highly populated nations are developing countries.
• In the past 50 years, 70 percent of our primary forests have been logged-over.
• Two decades ago, it was estimated that 68 percent of our population lives below the borderline between nutrition and malnutrition.
• 75 percent suffer from Vitamin A deficiency. 70 percent of our children are anemic. Another 70 percent has internal parasites.
• UNICEF estimates that 160,000 children die each year because of malnutrition while 17 children go blind each day because of Vitamin A deficiency.
• Food policy researchers Frances Moore Lappe and Joseph Collins shared that malnutrition wears two faces: undernutrition and overnutrition.
• Political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington refers to the cases of cultural and ethnic strife as the beginnings of the clash of civilizations or the clash of cultures.
• The top problems associated with underdevelopment (Flor and Ongkiko): Poverty, Unemployment, High Population Growth, Inequality, Environmental Degradation and the Loss of Arable Land, Malnutrition, Ethnic Conflict, and Societal Priorities.
• Based on World Bank estimates, 667 to 685 million people were still living in poverty by the end of 2022.
• The PSA estimated that around 19.99 million Filipinos could not meet their basic food and nonfood needs back in 2021.
• Inequality is more noticeable in the economic, cultural, and political aspects of people's lives.
• Income inequality can be measured using Gini coefficients.
• The World Bank estimates show that the Gini index of the Philippines in one of the highest in Southeast Asia — that is, the economic gaps among income classes are more pronounced in the country than most of its neighbors in the region.
• The ruling class dominates a society through manipulating its culture, and this allows them to strengthen their hold on the economy and other aspects of that society.
• Among the highly marginalized segments of the Filipino population and other parts of the globe are indigenous peoples belonging to ethnolinguistic minorities.
• The other key problem associated with economic poverty is that poor people are usually underrepresented in national and local governance. They have the least-heard voices in decision making and policymaking.
• Fat dynasties refer to clans with more than two members holding different positions at the same term.
• A research study conducted by the Ateneo School of Government concluded that political dynasties are correlated with poverty, with the country's poorest provinces having fat dynasties.
• The most pressing environmental problems include: pollution (air, water, and land), deforestation, increasing number of animals nearing extinction, and disaster risks related to environmental degradation.
• Global Witness ranked the Philippines as the deadliest country for land and environmental defenders in 2018, with 30 of them killed in the country out of 164 victims worldwide.
• A huge debt is not a good sign of a country's economic health.
• Daniel Lerner, an American policy scientist, argued that rapid population growth was one of the main causes of poverty.
• Economic globalization has given millions of Filipinos an opportunity to work abroad and support their families in the Philippines.
• The country's labor export policy is an unsustainable or unreliable driver or economic growth.
• In the mid-1960s, the noted policy scientist Daniel Lerner introduced the phrase "vicious cycle of poverty" where he assumed that problems come individually and sequentially.
• Lerner's analysis points to excessive population growth as the most critical counter-tendency in the development process.
• However, Michael Molenda and Anthony di Paolo believed that problems associated with underdevelopment are pervasive, interrelated, come in clusters, and have an innate tendency to recur. They referred to this as a "problematique" situation.
• Subordinate Influential Factors - Symptoms ; Superordinate Influential Factors - Root Causes