STS reviewer

• Science


  Any systematic knowledge or practice; the human attempt to understand the natural world, with or without concern for practical uses of that knowledge
• Technology


  The human attempt to change the world by creating products that can help people
• Concerns of ancient times

  • Transportation and Navigation
  • Communication
  • Record-keeping
  • Mass production
  • Security and protection
  • Health
  • Architecture
• Sumerian civilization


  • High degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things
  • Not contented with the basic things in life can offer
• Cuneiform


  First writing system and one of the major contributions of the Sumerians; A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols; Carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry; Allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life
• Uruk City


  • First true city in the world; Built using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks-a true engineering feat; Used the bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering
• The Great Ziggurat of Ur


  Also called the mountain of god; Served as the sacred place of their chief god; Only priests were allowed to enter
• Other Sumerian major technological advancements

  • Irrigation and Dikes
  • Sailboats
  • Wheel
  • Plow
  • Road
• Babylonian civilization


  • Great builders, engineers, and architects
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon


  One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
• Egyptian civilization


  • Located in North Africa • famous for its legacy
• Ink


  Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals
• Hieroglyphics


  Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols
• Cosmetics


  Improved and highlighted facial features; Used for health and aesthetic purposes
• Wig


  Protects the shaved head of the wealthy Egyptians; Considered cleaner than natural hair
• Concerns of the medieval/middle ages

  • Weaponry
  • Navigation
  • Mass food and farm production
  • Health
• Trade and commerce among nations

  Increased, resulting in greater demands for transportation technology
• Printing Press


  Invented by Johann Gutenberg; Wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impressions of the letters, and pressed firmly
• Microscope


  Developed by Zacharias Janssen; Key in discovering and curing various illnesses; People were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye
• The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate
• People needed efficient means of transportation
• Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges
• Pasteurization


  Invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist; The process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster
• Petroleum Refinery


  Solved the problem of the production of animal oils that could not keep up with the demand; Kerosene was later on referred to as the "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes
• Telephone


  Invented by Alexander Graham Bell; Allowed people to easily maintain connections and communicate with each other in real time; Governments likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their states well
• Calculator


  An earlier version had already been developed, but circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations; Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis
• Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment
• Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancements of science and technology
• The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters
• Salamander Amphibious Tricycle


  An alternative mode of transport that can maneuver in both land and in floodwaters
• SALT Lamp


  A LED lamp product created by Philippine siblings Aisa and Raphael Mijeno, powered by the galvanic reaction of an anode with saline water
• Medical Incubator


  Devised by Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity; Its main purpose was to address the high mortality rate of newborn babies in the Philippines due to lack of available incubators especially in far-flung rural areas
• Amphibious multi-utility trike


  An alternative mode of transport that can maneuver in both land and in floodwaters
• Medical Incubator


  A device made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity, to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby
• Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System


  Developed by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) through its Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) to control the population of the dengue-carrying Aedes mosquitoes
• Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney)


  A recent development in the Philippines that provides a sustainable, clean form of public transportation
• Copernican Revolution


  • People questioned what created days and nights and were intrigued to know what is actually there
  • Many philosophers agreed that planets moved around in circular motion, creating days and nights
  • Claudius Ptolemy stated that the planets, sun and moon moved in a circular motion around the Earth (geocentrism)
  • Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the Ptolemaic model and introduced heliocentrism, suggesting the center of the Solar System was the sun
• Darwinian Revolution


  • Charles Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, stating that all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms
  • Organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and gradually change to be more competitive to survive (survival of the fittest)
• Freudian Revolution


  • Sigmund Freud changed the perception of psychology from an art to a science, with his theory of psychoanalysis explaining conscious and unconscious factors influencing behavior and emotions
  • Many believed Freud's theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it
  • Freud argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements
• Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period, with early Filipinos using plants and herbs as medicines, implementing farming and animal raising systems, and developing different modes of transportation