Regeneration

• A place is a area with distinctive features, like economy & social structures.
• Quaternary sector involves the provision of specialist services like law, finance and ICT. It aides the other sectors.
• Quinary is important organization structures like government, healthcare and education.
• The Clark - Fisher model of economic activity over time, suggests that work sectors change over time. Employment for primary sectors Industrial/post decreases while tertiary increases. Secondary peaks at industrial then dips. Quaternary/Quinary increases post, quinary increases slower.
• 2% of Britain's population works in the primary sector.
• Issues:

  • Gender pay gap- men are still paid on average 10% more
  • 0 hour contracts "Gig Economy" easier to sack them as they can give them no work (Uber) 974000 people are estimated to work on this contract. Problematic as you can't get a mortgage.
  • Illegal working is a criminal offence.
  • In 2019 1.29 million people were unemployed
• How do we measure the change? Demographic change, social (Housing Jobs Health)
• IMD - Index of Multiple Deprivation: To try and target regeneration aid and to allocate resources

  • Income
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Health
  • crime
  • Barriers to housing & services
  • Living environment
• • Physical- climate change, coastal/river erosion/flooding
  • Other- Globalisation, deindustrialisation & migration
  • Accessibility/Connectedness- road/rail, transregional airports and internet
• • Historical development- changed slowly but still retains its historical identity, Cambridge & Oxford
  • Local & National planning- new towns, eco cities, green belt, Thames Gateway development
• Gentrification is where the image of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in. Often displacing current, poor inhabitants in the process.
• The basic aim of local government policies in the context of regeneration is to improve the local area with mainly bottom up strategies.
• Players which play a key role in decision making about regeneration are local residents (especially ones affected and mobilised), local business, local environmental groups and local authorities
• Rebranding is publicising and marketing a place to create a fresh "identity" in the minds of players. It is not just about regeneration but usually goes hand in hand with regeneration.
• Pathways for rebranding


  Culture- promotion of festivals, art galleries and museums, Glasgow "the metropolitan city of opportunity"

  Technology- science based facilities, Think Tank, Newcastle upon Tyne Life science centre

  Education- new uni facilities, Tacoma USA
• Cumulative causation, theoretically one positive leads to another. E.g. development/expansion of a new industry/attraction

  -jobs created along with development of infrastructure

  -higher income

  -higher taxation

  -better services
• Birmingham Regeneration

  • the table demonstrates the scale of the regeneration projects from 2003-10, totalling over £10 billion expenditure
  • projects have been central in redevelopment, re-imaging and re-culturalisation
  • it has traditionally concentrated on flagship projects to drive its development
• Birmingham Regeneration

  • The CBD has been re-generated/branded the heart of the city as it is the most accessible part of the city
  • High pedestrian footfall, public art (statue), dense muti-storey buildings and land use is exclusively commercial
  • The Birmingham City Centre Partnership (BCCP) aims to create a city centre for Birmingham that is of global standard. Supports the 2008 Birmingham City Centre Floral Trail
• Rural Settlement:

  • a settlement surrounded by open landscape and lacking a range of services
  • whose population work outside of the locality
  • in 2004 the UK census office defined rural as <10,000
• Clokes developed a 4 fold classification:

  • Extreme non-rural - dormitory village
  • Intermediate non-rural - original village
  • Intermediate rural - second home village
  • Extreme rural - village in decline
• 99% of the wards which suffer most from lack of service are in rural areas. In 2001 districts were ranked by deprivation, Copeland (72nd), Thanet (64th) and Kerrier (59th)
• Different perceptions of rural areas:

  -peaceful -Isolation

  -beautiful -lack of services

  -strong community spirit -tension from 2nd home owners

  -safe -statistically high rates of farmers suicides
• Key factors that influence life expectancy are:

  • Gender (women on average live longer than men).
  • Income (people with higher incomes tend to live longer).
  • Occupation (primary activity, shorter life expectancy).
  • Education (higher education, longer life expectancy).
  • Access to healthcare.
  • Lifestyle choices (smoking & obesity, shorter life expectancy)
• • Life expectancy varies across regions.
  • The 2011 UK census showed that people in the south of the UK had higher life expectancies than Northern areas.
  • A 65-year-old male in Harrow (London) was expected to live six years longer than a 65-year-old male in Glasgow.
• Life expectancy in the UK (as of 2018) is 77 years for men and 82 years for women.
• We often measure health in terms of:

  • Morbidity - degree of ill-health.
  • Longevity - a longer life expectancy for a given age of person.
• People in primary employment have a higher risk of poorer health and mortality.

  • Workers in primary employment may be exposed to carcinogens and substances like asbestos (which is banned). This exposure can cause ill health.
  • Additionally, extracting resources may have negative externalities (negative spillover effects), which can cause ill health to the surrounding population.
• • Food deserts are places that have a higher incidence of fast-food outlets. There is also usually less fresh food available.
  • These are associated with low-income regions.
  • High streets without supermarkets selling fresh food and with lots of Chicken Cottages may lead people to eat more unhealthy food. This can reduce their quality and length of life.
• • New Orleans was ranked as the top food desert in the USA. A very high % of the population lives in poverty and lots of grocery stores were destroyed and not replaced after Hurricane Katrina.
• • Educational provision and educational outcomes are unequal in the UK.
  • Some private schools may have 15 Maths teachers, while others don't have many specialised Maths teachers.
• • Outcomes in education, as measured by examination success, are strongly correlated with income levels.
  • Working class children from white backgrounds who live in poverty have the lowest levels of educational attainment.
• • Boys are more likely to have worse examination results than girls.
  • Boys get worse examination results than girls.
• • Inequality in income is different to inequality in wealth.
  • Income refers to one years' earnings, but wealth is a stock of assets that can include houses and stocks/shares.
• • High inequality can reduce the potential for economic growth.
  • Some people argue that there is a 'trickle down effect', where income and wealth from the richest spill down across society. This does not necessarily happen if the richest save the money.
• There is a huge disparity in incomes and cost of living nationally and locally. Prices in London for rent (housing costs) and food are often higher than in the rest of the UK, making the 'cost of living' higher. Because of this, some jobs in London pay an additional 'London Allowance'. Teachers working in London are paid more than teachers elsewhere in the UK because of this difference in the cost of living.
• A composite index is a way of grouping different factors and weighting each factor differently.
• Rural proofing: Governments are more of a facilitator rather than a provider/manager. Meaning checks on designs, development and review stages of policy.
• Catalyst- a method used to start a regeneration scheme, like building a new shopping mall or olympic
• Levels of engagement- election turnout:

  • minority groups like poor, black and young people are least likely to be on the electoral roll
  • 47% of 18-24 yr olds & 57% for BAME groups in the 2019 election
  • Mayoral cities have more engagement as people feel more heard and its less political
• Levels of engagement- Community Groups:

  • Communities run local allotments, open space & nature reserves
  • Protest groups, fracking, new houses and wind farms
  • Groups to reduce anti-social behaviour
  • Regeneration relies on community participation