sampling

• entire aggregation of the case where a researcher is interested

  population
• process of selecting the sample or a portion of the population

  sampling
• subset of the population elements

  sample
• how well the sample represents the population

  representativeness
• one whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population

  repsentative sample
• results to overrepresentation or underrepresentation of some segment of the population ❑ smaller sample size = bigger chance of sampling errors

  sampling error
• here is a form of bias in the selection of sample

  no assurance

  Findings are limited to the sample

  NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• there is random selection of sample

  each element in the population has the same equal chance of being selected as a sample

  there is greater representation in each unit in the population

  findings can be generalized to the population

  probability sampling
• --selection of samples based on the convenience of the researcher ➢ sometimes called Accidental Sampling


  convenience sampling
• --“Referral System” --initial sample members are asked to refer other people who meet the criteria required by the researcher --people who share the same traits or experiences know each other --useful for participants who are hard to find

  snowball sampling
• --the selection of the sample is based on the selective judgment of the researcher --Judgmental Sampling

  purposive sampling
• --researcher identifies population sections or strata and decides how many participants are required from each section

  quota sampling
• --each member of the population has the same equal chance of being selected as a sample --FISH BOWL NUMBER GENERATED

  SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• --uses the kth interval formula --k= N/n N= Population n= desired sample k= sampling interval

  systematic random sampling
• --population is divided into subgroups or strata --after stratification, appropriate number of elements are selected from each stratum at random

  stratified random sampling
• -- useful when the population is large and widely dispersed --sampling is done in several stages

  CLUSTER SAMPLING
• focus on single element or a single entity

  case studies
• grounded theory by?

  glaser and strauss in 1967
• aims to describe and interpret behavior of a certain culture

  ethnography
• the way the members of the culture envision their own world; it is the insider's view

  emic perspective
• is the outsiders' interpretation of the experience of that culture

  etic perspective