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skeletal system
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Cardiovascular system
Composed of
206
bones, along with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, that make up the framework or skeleton of the body
Parts of the skeleton
Axial
skeleton (
80
bones)
Appendicular
skeleton (
126
bones)
Axial
skeleton
Consists of the
skull
,
spine,
ribs
and
sternum
(
thorax
)
Appendicular
skeleton
Consists of the shoulder or pectoral girdle,
arms,
hands
,
pelvic
girdle,
legs,
and
feet
Bones are composed of about
50% water
and 50% a solid, calcified, rigid substance known as osseous (AH see us) tissue
Functions of bones
Provide shape, support, and the framework of the body
Protect internal organs
Serve as a storage place for minerals such as salts, calcium, and phosphorus
Play an important role in hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells that takes place in bone marrow)
Provide a place to attach muscles
Make movement possible through articulation (manner in which the parts come together at a joint)
Classifications of bones by shape
Long
bones
Short
bones
Flat
bones
Irregular
bones
Long bones
Include the
femur
(thigh),
tibia
(larger shin),
fibula
(smaller shin bone), humerus (upper arm), radius (larger forearm), and ulna (smaller forearm)
Short bones
Include the carpals of the
wrist
and tarsals of the
ankle
Flat bones
Include the
skull
,
sternum
(breastbone), and
scapula
(shoulder bone)
Irregular
bones
Include the
vertebrae
(spine), and
pelvic
Parts of a long bone
Epiphysis (growing end)
Diaphysis (shaft)
Periosteum
(outside covering)
Medullary (inner space containing bone marrow)
Endosteum
(lining of medullary cavity)
Joint
A place where two or more bones connect
Types of joints
Synarthrosis
(allows no movement, e.g. cranial suture)
Amphiarthrosis
(allows slight movement, e.g. vertebra)
Diarthrosis
(allows free movement in a variety of directions, e.g. knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot)
Types of joint movements
Flexion
(bending a limb)
Extension
(straightening a flexed limb)
Abduction
(moving a body part away from the middle)
Adduction
(moving a body part toward the middle)
Circumduction (moving a body part in a circular motion)
Supination (lying supine or turning the palm or foot upward)
Pronation (lying prone or turning the palm downward)
Dorsiflexion (bending a body part backwards)
Protraction (moving a body forward)
Retraction
(moving a body part backward)
Rotation
(moving a body part around a central axis)
Inversion
(turning inward)
Eversion
(turning outward)
Body positions
Lateral recumbent (lying on your left or right side)
Fowler's
position
(sitting straight up or reclining slightly; legs straight or bent)
Trendelenburg
position (lying supine with head lower than feet)
Vertebral column
Composed of separate bones called vertebrae, connected to form four spinal curves
Spinal curves
Cervical curve (first 7 vertebrae)
Thoracic curve (next 12 vertebrae)
Lumbar curve (5 vertebrae)
Sacral curve (sacrum and coccyx)
Pelvis
The lower portion of the trunk of the body, formed by the
hip
bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Hip bones
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Male
pelvis
Shaped like a funnel, heavier and stronger than the female pelvis
Female
pelvis
Oval to round, wider than the male pelvis
Osteoporosis
Age-related loss of bone mass or density
Bone remodeling
1. Broken down by osteoclasts in a process called resorption
2. Formed again by osteoblasts
Bone formation and healing slow down as part of the aging process