English

• Bias: A predisposition or inclination towards a particular perspective, opinion, or judgment, often resulting in unfair treatment or favoritism.
• Prejudice: Preconceived opinions or attitudes, usually negative, towards individuals or groups based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.
• Common types of Biases and Prejudice are

  - Confirmation Bias -Stereotyping

  -Halo Effect

  -In-group Bias

  -Out-group Homogeneity Bias
• In-group Bias: Favoring individuals who belong to the same group as oneself.
• Out-group Homogeneity Bias: Perceiving members of other groups as more similar to each other than they actually are.
• "Ahmed is a football fan who supports Team A. He believes that all fans of Team A are passionate and loyal, while fans of rival Team B are rude and hostile. "

  Is an example of In-group bias
• "Lisa is convinced that her favorite brand of smartphone is the best on the market. Despite hearing positive reviews about other brands, she only pays attention to information that confirms her belief in the superiority of her chosen brand. "

  Is an example of Out of Group Homogeneity Bias
• Stereotyping: Making assumptions about a group of people based on limited information or stereotypes.
• "John, a hiring manager, is impressed by a job candidate's polished appearance and confident demeanor. He assumes that the candidate must also be highly competent and capable. "

  Is an example of stereotyping
• Halo Effect: Allowing one positive trait or aspect to overshadow other characteristics
• "Maria strongly identifies with her cultural group and believes that their traditions and customs are superior to those of other cultures. She tends to view members of other cultural groups as inferior. "

  Is an example of Halo Effect
• Confirmation Bias: Seeking out information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.
• " Sarah believes that all politicians are dishonest and corrupt. She cites several news stories about political scandals as evidence to support her belief. "

  An example of Confirmation Bias
• 6. Attribution Bias 7. Affinity Bias 8. Implicit Bias 9. Status Bias 10. Cultural Bias
• Attribution Bias: Attributing outcomes to external factors rather than personal actions.
• "Tom receives negative feedback from his boss about a project he worked on. He attributes the failure of the project to external factors such as lack of resources and team members' incompetence, rather than considering his own mistakes or shortcomings. "

  Example of Attribution Bias
• Status Bias: Showing preferential treatment to individuals based on their perceived status or rank.
• "David, a senior executive, tends to give more attention and respect to employees who hold higher-ranking positions within the company, often overlooking valuable contributions from junior staff members. "

  Example of Status Bias
• Cultural Bias: Making judgments based on one's own cultural values or norms, often without awareness.
• "When reviewing job applications, Alex unintentionally favors candidates from his own cultural background, assuming they will be a better fit for the company's culture, despite their qualifications being similar to those of candidates from different cultural backgrounds. "

  Example of Cultural bias
• Affinity Bias: Favoring individuals who share similar interests or backgrounds.
• " Emily tends to gravitate towards colleagues who share her interests and background. She often socializes with them outside of work and gives them preferential treatment in team projects. "

  Example of Affinity Bias
• Implicit Bias: Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that influence behavior.
• "Despite claiming to be fair and unbiased, Sarah finds herself automatically associating certain stereotypes with people based on their gender, race, or ethnicity without conscious awareness. "

  Example of Implicit Bias
• Confirmation Bias: The tendency to seek out information that confirms existing beliefs or stereotypes while ignoring contradictory evidence.
• Stereotyping: Generalizing traits or characteristics to an entire group without considering individual differences.
• Halo Effect: Forming a positive impression of someone based on a single favorable trait, leading to biased perceptions of their overall character or abilities.
• In-group Bias: Favoring members of one's own social group over those from different groups.
• Out-group Homogeneity Bias: Perceiving members of other groups as more similar to each other than they actually are.
• Attribution Bias: Making unfair or inaccurate attributions about the causes of behavior, often influenced by personal biases or stereotypes.
• Affinity Bias: Preferring individuals who share similar backgrounds, interests, or characteristics, leading to biased decision-making in hiring, promotion, or social interactions.
• Implicit Bias: Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions without our conscious awareness.
• Status Bias: Giving preferential treatment to individuals based on their perceived social status or prestige.
• Cultural Bias: Interpreting behaviors, norms, or values through the lens of one's own culture, leading to misunderstandings or misjudgments of other cultures.
• Impact of Biases and Prejudices: Social Inequity: Biases and prejudices contribute to systemic inequalities by perpetuating discrimination and marginalization against certain groups.

  Poor Decision-Making: Biases can lead to flawed decision-making processes in various contexts, such as hiring, education, law enforcement, and healthcare.

  Interpersonal Conflict: Prejudices can strain relationships and lead to interpersonal conflicts, hindering collaboration and mutual understanding.
• In 1898 the sovereignty of the Philippines passed from Spain to the United States.
• A military government was set up by the Americans.
• Even during the war, schools were reopened in Manila.
• General Arthur MacArthur restored life to normal in Manila as soon as possible.
• At first, English was taught merely as a subject; the system of education set up by the Spaniards was allowed to continue.