HE

• This defines health as a positive dynamic state not merely the absence of disease. Health promotion is directed at increasing a client’s level of well-being. It describes the multi-dimensional nature of a persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health.


  Pender's Health Promotion
• Prior related behavior and personal factors

  Individual characteristics and experiences
• perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy, activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, and situational influences

  Behavior-specific cognitions and affect
• commitment to a plan of action, immediate competing demands and preferences, and health promoting behaviors

  Behavioral outcomes
• Personal factors are categorized as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural. These factors are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by the target behavior’s nature being considered.


  Individual characteristics and experiences (personal factors)
• Include variables such as age, gender, body mass index, pubertal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, or balance.


  Personal Biological factors
• Include variables such as self-esteem, self-motivation, personal competence, perceived health status, and definition of health.


  Personal Psychological factors
• Include variables such as race, ethnicity, acculturation, education, and socioeconomic status.


  Personal Socio-cultural Factors
• Anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior.


  Perceived Benefits of Action
• Anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior.


  Perceived Barriers to Action
• The judgment of personal capability to organize and execute a health-promoting behavior. Perceived self-efficacy influences perceived barriers to action, so higher efficacy results in lowered perceptions of barriers to the behavior’s performance

  Perceived Self-Efficacy
• Subjective positive or negative feeling occurs before, during, and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behavior itself

  Activity-Related Affect
• Activity-related affect influences perceived self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater its efficacy. In turn, increased feelings of efficacy can generate a further positive affect.
• Cognition concerning behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of others


  Interpersonal influences
• Personal perceptions and cognitions of any given situation or context can facilitate or impede behavior. Include perceptions of options available, demand characteristics, and aesthetic features of the environment in which given health-promoting is proposed to take place. Situational influences may have direct or indirect influences on health behavior.


  Situational Influences
• The concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy leads to the implementation of health behavior.


  Commitment to plan of action
• are those alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control because of environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities.


  Competing Demands
• are alternative behaviors over which individuals exert relatively high control, such as choice of ice cream or apple for a snack.


  Competing Preferences
• A health-promoting behavior is an endpoint or action-outcome directed toward attaining positive health outcomes such as optimal wellbeing, personal fulfillment, and productive living.


  Health Promoting Behavior
• -is a personal belief in one’s capability to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances

  -Often described as task-specific self-confidence

  Bandura's Self Efficacy Theory
• These components of successful human functioning act upon one another in reciprocal fashion, what Bandura has called Reciprocal Causation, where the functioning of one component depends, in part, upon the functioning of the other.
• It is based on the assumptions of the psychological procedures that serve as a means of strengthening and creating the expectation of personal self-efficacy.

  Self Efficacy as Defined by Bandura
• a person’s estimate that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes

  Outcome Expectancy
• the conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome

  Efficacy of Expectation
• Bandura hypothesized that self-efficacy affects an individual’s choice of activities, effort, and persistence. People who have low self-efficacy for accomplishing a specific task may avoid it, while those who believe they are capable are more likely to participate.
• COMPONENTS THAT DEVELOP JOINTLY AS WE GROW AND LEARN

  Skills and Efficacy Beliefs
• The tendency for efficacious people to ‘expend more effort and persist longer’ is of particular importance because most personal success requires persistent effort. As such, low self-efficacy becomes a self-limiting process. In order to succeed, then, individuals need a strong sense of task-specific self-efficacy, tied together with resilience to meet the unavoidable obstacles of life.
• -the most effective way to create a strong sense of efficacy

  -most powerful influence

  -actual performance

  Mastery Experience
• -through observance of social models also influence once’s perception of self-efficacy

  -weaker or more susceptible

  Vicarious Experience
• -a way of strengthening people’s belief that they already have what it takes to succeed

  -mostly used in academic setting

  Verbal and Social Persuasion
• -people rely on their emotional state whenever there is someone who is judging their capabilities

  Physiological State
• 1.Mastery Experience

  2.Vicarious experience

  3.Verbal/Social Persuasion

  4.Physiological State

  Source of Self Efficacy
• -set a realistic and challenging goal

  Master Task
• -find a role model to observe with high self-efficacy

  Modal Behavior
• Find mentors or coaches

  Social Persuasion
• Don't let your emotions affect your performance

  Improve emotional state
• Most people can benefit from increasing their self-efficacy. But, sometimes having a high self-efficacy has disadvantages.

  Overconfidence and Reduce Performance
• -developed in effort to understand why people do not engage in certain health behaviors

  -argues that the belief in the threat of an illness/disease and the belief in the effectiveness in a proposed behavior determines whether people will engage in that behavior

  -had several theoretical constructs

  Health Belief Model
• 5 KEY COMPONENTS OF HBM

  Barriers Health Behavior

  Benefits Health Behavior

  Susceptibility Health Threat

  Severity Health Threat

  Cues to Action
• The modifying variables effect


  Demographics and Sociopsychological factors