April Monthly Exam

• Fire can be devastating
• Fire can lead to property loss, injuries, environmental damage, and sometimes fatalities
• Fire - process of rapid oxidation of any material resulting in burning
• Oxidation - means that oxygen molecules interact with different substances in the environment, making it unstable and thus creating a reaction.
• When burning happens, heat, light, and other reaction products are released
• Fuel - fuel source or combustible material used in order to burn. In the form of solid, liquid, and gas
• Heat - needed to start and continue the combustion process
• Combustion - happens when flammable vapor mix with air (oxygen) and is ignited by a spark or flame
• Oxygen - constitutes about 21% of the air around us
• natural causes of fire - result from natural hazards such as lightning and volcanic activities
• man-made causes of fire - caused by human or machine errors
• Electrical Wirings - faulty wiring, short circuits, overloaded circuits, and loose wiring connections may induce fire in any structure or building
• unattended ignition - a lighted candle, an improvised gas lamp, a cooking stove, and other sources of ignition which are left unattended may topple or burn nearby flammable objects
• cigarettes - cigarettes butts that are not properly put out and are thrown carelessly can park a fire
• chemical at homes - many hazardous and flammable substances can be found at home
• gasoline leaks from vehicles - gasoline leak from vehicles is likely caused by a corrosion, a worn-out seal or gasket, or a broken fuel injector which can be dangerous because these places get very hot
• Burns - injuries caused by electricity, radiation, or chemicals that can cause pain, swelling, blistering, scarring, and in severe cases, death
• Burns - can lead to infections because the damaged skin can no longer act as a barrier against harmful microorganisms
• First degree burns - affects only the outer layer of the skin called epidermis because the damage is slight, the person is still able to function well with tolerable pain
• Second degree burns - depth of burn has reached into the dermis in this degree and the part of the skin may not function anymore because of the severity
• Third degree burn - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis and even the underlying fat tissue are damaged. This is the most serious burn.
• In a fire breakout, fire and smoke are the two hazards need to be dealt with
• Smoke - primary cause of fatalities due to suffocation
• thick smoke - makes the escape difficult, irritates the eye, and disrupts breathing
• PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
• LGU – Local Government Unit
• PHIVOLCS – Philippine Volcanology and Seismology
• OCD – Office of Civil Defense
• DND – Department of National Defense
• DILG – Department of the Interior and Local Government
• DOH – Department of Health
• DSWD – Department of Social Welfare and Development
• PIA – Philippine Information Agency
• NDRRMC – National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
• PDRRMC – Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
• MDRRMC – Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
• The geographical location and geological makeup of the Philippines make it important for our country to develop and put into practice a reliable DRRM program, in addition to climate change programs.

   
• From the hydrometeorological perspective, typhoons alone have negatively affected agriculture, infrastructure and private properties, and they have induced more hazards such as flood and landslides. Within the period from 1997-2007, 84 tropical cyclones had been recorded by the PAGASA, and these have caused economic losses amounting to more than 150 billion pesos, according to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC).
• Many human and animal casualties and infrastructure damages from various forms of disasters in recent years have affected the economy and the lives of millions of Filipino families.
• A case in point is typhoon Yolanda in 2014 which devastated Tacloban. More than 1000 lives were lost and billions of pesos worth of properties were destroyed. The effects of the unpredictable strength of monsoon rains and frequency of typhoons are also exacerbated by deforestation.