Physci

• Chemistry


  Study of matter, including its properties, composition, transformation, and the energy involved with transformation
• Matter


  • Anything that has mass and takes up space
  • All is composed of elements
• Elements


  Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
• Atom


  Smallest particle of an element, with an equal number of protons and electrons
• Compounds


  Substances made from elements
• Molecule


  Smallest unit of a compound that still has the properties of that compound
• Big Bang Theory


  States that the universe developed 13.7 billion years ago from a very small, extremely dense and hot state that expanded rapidly
• Big bang nucleosynthesis


  Process that creates new atomic nucleus from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons
• Nuclear Fusion


  Process in which a nucleus combines with another nucleus
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis


  Process by which elements are created within stars by combining together the protons and neutrons from the nuclei of lighter elements
• Supernova Nucleosynthesis


  Responsible for creation of rarer elements heavier than iron and nickel, through a violent explosion that released a huge amount of nuclear energy and produced elements heavier than iron
• Neutron Capture


  Combination of 2 stars
• Neutron Star


  Remnants of a supernova
• Democritus, a Greek philosopher, first used the term 'atom' ("Atomos" means indivisible)
• Aristotle believed substances were composed of Earth, Water, Fire, and Air
• John Dalton, an English physicist, is known for Dalton's Atomic Theory, which states that matter is composed of indivisible atoms
• J.J. Thomson discovered electrons using a cathode ray tube
• Plum-pudding model


  Thomson's model of the atom with electrons embedded in a positive sphere
• Ernest Rutherford, a physicist, confirmed the existence of protons
• Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment led to the discovery of the nucleus
• Niels Bohr


  Proposed the planetary model of the atom
• Planetary model of an atom


  Bohr's model where electrons orbit the nucleus in set orbits
• Arnold Sommerfeld, a theoretical physicist, refined Bohr's atomic model
• Bohr-Sommerfeld Model of an Atom

  Refinements to Bohr's model including elliptical orbits and relativistic effects
• Erwin Schrodinger developed the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom
• Quantum Mechanical Model


  Atomic model based on electron cloud probability
• Electron Cloud


  Regions around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found
• s orbital


  • Spherical orbital with decreasing density from the nucleus
• p orbital


  • Dumbbell-shaped orbital with different orientations
• d orbital


  • Orbital shaped like a four-leaf clover, hourglass, and ring
• f orbital


  • Highly complex orbital shape
• James Chadwick discovered the neutron and enabled nuclear chain reactions
• Eugene Goldstein, a physicist, discovered the proton
• Metals


  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
  • High tensile strength
  • Have luster
• Alkali Metals


  • Have 1 valence electron
  • Never found pure in nature
  • Too reactive
  • Reactivity increases down the group
• Alkaline Earth Metals


  • They have 2 valence electrons
  • Less reactive than alkali
  • Means "basic"
• Transition Metals


  • Very Hard
  • High Melting Points
  • High Boiling points
  • High Electrical Conductivity
  • Malleable
• Metalloids


  • Have properties of both metal and non-metals
  • Brittle than metals but less brittle than most non-metalloids solid
  • Semiconductors of electricity
  • Possess metallic luster
• Nonmetals


  • Poor conductors of heat and electricity
  • Tend to be brittle
  • Gases at room temperature
• Noble Gases


  • They have 8 valence electrons (except He which has 2)
  • Unreactive
  • Colorless, Odorless, and Unreactive