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physics paper 2
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Cards (32)
Vectors
Measurements that have both
magnitude
and
direction
(e.g. acceleration, force, momentum)
Scalars
Measurements that only have
magnitude
(e.g. mass, energy, temperature)
Vectors
Acceleration
Force
Momentum
Scalars
Mass
Energy
Temperature
Vectors can be added to find a resultant vector, but if they are going in
opposite
directions one must be
negative
Weight
Force equal to mass times
gravitational field strength
, measured in
Newtons
Work done
Energy transferred
, measured in
Joules
Spring constant
Measure of the
stiffness
of a spring, in
Newtons
per meter
Principle of moments
For a system to be in
equilibrium
, the sum of
clockwise
moments must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments
Underwater pressure increases with
depth
due to the column of water above pushing
down
Displacement-time graph
Gradient gives
velocity
, area gives
displacement
Velocity-time graph
Gradient gives
acceleration
, area gives
displacement
Newton's
1st
Law
If there is no
resultant
force, an object's motion is
constant
Newton's
2nd
Law
Force =
Mass
x
Acceleration
Newton's 3rd Law
For every
action
force, there is an
equal
and opposite reaction force
Factors affecting stopping distance
Thinking
distance (increased by speed, distractions, alcohol/drugs, tiredness)
Braking
distance (increased by poor brakes/tyres, road/weather conditions, speed)
Longitudinal
waves
Oscillations
parallel
to direction of
travel
(e.g. sound)
Transverse waves
Oscillations
perpendicular
to direction of
travel
(e.g. light)
Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Gamma rays
Radio waves
have longest wavelength,
gamma rays
have highest frequency and energy
Light ray entering glass block
Slows down
, wavelength gets
shorter
, bends towards normal
Finding image location from lens
1. Draw ray
parallel
into lens, through
focal point
2. Draw ray through
lens center
3. Where rays
converge
is
image location
Real
image
Can be projected,
inverted
,
diminished
Virtual
image
Cannot be
projected
,
upright
, magnified
Using Fleming's left hand rule
1. Align
B
and I with
index
and middle fingers
2. Thumb gives
direction
of force on
wire
Increasing motor speed and generator output
Add more turns to
coil
or use stronger
magnet
Transformer with fewer turns on secondary coil
Voltage is
lower
, current is
higher
Ways to reduce energy loss in transformers
Laminate
/layer core to reduce
eddy
currents
Use
soft iron
core
Use
low
resistance
windings
Large stars become red giants then
supernovae
, leaving behind
neutron
stars or black holes
Velocity and force in circular motion
Velocity is
tangent
to circle, force is towards center (
centripetal
force)
Geostationary orbit
Satellite has 24 hour period matching Earth's
rotation
, stays above same point on
equator
Red shift of distant galaxies suggests they are moving
away
, supporting Big
Bang
theory