physics paper 2

Cards (32)

  • Vectors
    Measurements that have both magnitude and direction (e.g. acceleration, force, momentum)
  • Scalars
    Measurements that only have magnitude (e.g. mass, energy, temperature)
  • Vectors
    • Acceleration
    • Force
    • Momentum
  • Scalars
    • Mass
    • Energy
    • Temperature
  • Vectors can be added to find a resultant vector, but if they are going in opposite directions one must be negative
  • Weight
    Force equal to mass times gravitational field strength, measured in Newtons
  • Work done
    Energy transferred, measured in Joules
  • Spring constant
    Measure of the stiffness of a spring, in Newtons per meter
  • Principle of moments
    For a system to be in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments
  • Underwater pressure increases with depth due to the column of water above pushing down
  • Displacement-time graph
    Gradient gives velocity, area gives displacement
  • Velocity-time graph
    Gradient gives acceleration, area gives displacement
  • Newton's 1st Law

    • If there is no resultant force, an object's motion is constant
  • Newton's 2nd Law

    • Force = Mass x Acceleration
  • Newton's 3rd Law
    • For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force
  • Factors affecting stopping distance
    • Thinking distance (increased by speed, distractions, alcohol/drugs, tiredness)
    • Braking distance (increased by poor brakes/tyres, road/weather conditions, speed)
  • Longitudinal waves

    Oscillations parallel to direction of travel (e.g. sound)
  • Transverse waves
    Oscillations perpendicular to direction of travel (e.g. light)
  • Electromagnetic spectrum
    • Radio waves
    • Microwaves
    • Infrared
    • Visible light
    • Ultraviolet
    • X-rays
    • Gamma rays
  • Radio waves have longest wavelength, gamma rays have highest frequency and energy
  • Light ray entering glass block
    Slows down, wavelength gets shorter, bends towards normal
  • Finding image location from lens
    1. Draw ray parallel into lens, through focal point
    2. Draw ray through lens center
    3. Where rays converge is image location
  • Real image

    Can be projected, inverted, diminished
  • Virtual image

    Cannot be projected, upright, magnified
  • Using Fleming's left hand rule
    1. Align B and I with index and middle fingers
    2. Thumb gives direction of force on wire
  • Increasing motor speed and generator output
    Add more turns to coil or use stronger magnet
  • Transformer with fewer turns on secondary coil
    Voltage is lower, current is higher
  • Ways to reduce energy loss in transformers
    • Laminate/layer core to reduce eddy currents
    • Use soft iron core
    • Use low resistance windings
  • Large stars become red giants then supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes
  • Velocity and force in circular motion
    Velocity is tangent to circle, force is towards center (centripetal force)
  • Geostationary orbit
    Satellite has 24 hour period matching Earth's rotation, stays above same point on equator
  • Red shift of distant galaxies suggests they are moving away, supporting Big Bang theory