read and write

• Paragraph


  A group of sentences that deals with one particular idea
• Rule: Only 1 idea should be discussed per paragraph
• Parts of a paragraph

  • Topic Sentence
  • Supporting Details
• Topic Sentence


  Main idea, good topic sentence reveals your attitude toward the subject
• Topic Sentence

  • Explicit - clearly states the ideas that will be elaborated in the paragraph
  • Implied - capacity for carrying any cargo
• Supporting Details


  It includes facts, examples, or instances; good supporting details expound the main idea and act as adequate support
• Characteristics of an effective paragraph


  • Unity - all of the sentences in the paragraph are related to the topic sentence
  • Adequate Development - should be elaborated on using concrete evidence, different examples, relevant facts, and specific details
  • Coherence - sentences are arranged in a logical manner
• Types of Coherence


  • Chronological order - details are arranged in order in which they happened
  • Spatial order - arranged according to geographical location
  • Emphatic order - arranged to emphasize certain points
• Signal Devices

  • Transitions - words/phrases that connect one idea to another
  • Repetitions - repetitions of main ideas
  • Synonyms - words similar in meaning to important words
  • Pronouns - words that connect readers to the original word that the pronouns replace
  • Parallelism - similar sentence structures
• Types of Transitions

  • Time
  • Sequence
  • Space
  • Illustration
  • Comparison
  • Contrast
  • Cause and effect
  • Conclusion