Wales

• Roger of Montgomery

  • earl of Shrewsbury
  • earldom, near border with mid wales
  • trusted him to be in charge when he left for Normandy
  • took more land in mid Wales, established castle and town of Montgomery
  • supporters conquered further up the seven valley, 18+ buildings castles of their own, pulverbatch
  • 1088, he and sons joined rebellion, convince them to abandon, received land and money
• Hugh and Robert, sons of shrewsbury

  • Hugh took over death in 1094
  • loyal followers built Tretower and Pulverbatch
  • Hugh killed off north Wales coast 1098 in clash with King of Norway
  • Robert, part of unsuccessful revolt 1101 against Henry I, exiled
• Castles, symbolic

  • Chepstow, William visit 1081, commissioned great hall
  • Cardiff castle, founded new town and castle in ruins of roman fort
  • st davids, 1081
  • tretower, by Dicard, follow of Bernard de neymarche, who receive land from montgomery
• castles, strategic

  • pickering castle, 1069-70, during harrying of the north, for defence against scotland
  • Pevensey castle, 1066, on old roman fort
  • Ruddlah castle, Hugh d'avranches, help normans push into Wales, supplied by sea, has a castlery
  • chepstow, into Wales, by William Fitzosbern, defines, high of river Wye
  • chester, hugh d'avranches estate
  • pulverbatch, built by loyal followers of montgomery
  • tretower, rebuilt in stone, improve defences and more comfortable
• uses of castles

  • control town, roads river, normans couldn't get separated from each other, hard for anglo saxons to travel
• earl of Hereford, William Fitzosbern

  • south Wales, fought with William at battle of hastings
  • established towns, Hereford and castles beyond the River Wye
  • agreement with local welsh rulers, recognising them in return for their acceptance of his lordship
  • died February 1071
• Roger of breteuil, son of Fitzosbern

  • ally with Caradog Ap Gruffydd, helped him to defeat Kind of Pehenbarth
  • 1075, rebellion with Roger, earl of east anglia and waltheof, revolt of the earls
  • Roger lost earldom, all land seized
• rebelions 1067-9

  • welsh began raiding into England with help of anglo Saxon rebels, eadrix the wild and earl Edwin of mercia
  • William gave marcher lords job to deal with them
  • north, chester
  • mid, montgomery, shrewsbury
  • south, Hereford
• Gruffydd ap Llywelyn

  • prince dominated many regions devastating raids across English border
  • Harold Godwinson won 1056, swore loyalty to Edward, but united Wales and increased territory
  • death and destruction of welsh army by his ow men in 1063, left power gap
• Caradog ap Gruffydd

  • ruler of gwent
  • 1081, war between him and rulers of Gwynedd and Deheubarth, support by Irish and Danish mercenaries
  • defeated, power to Rhys ap Tewdwr, king of Deheubarth
• Rhys ap Tewdwr

  • king of Deheubarth
  • spring go 1081, show of power, William march across border with army
  • Rhys recognised Williams power, paid a tribute of £40 a year until his death 1093
• rebellion on welsh border

  • 1067
  • normans lost men attacking Herefordshire, controlled by eadric the wild with 2 welsh kings, Bleddyn and Riwallon
• Rebellion in kent and northumbria

  • 1067
  • Kent anger, persuaded Eustace of Boulogne to attack Dover castle, defeated and left
  • Northumbria, William appointed Copsig to rule northern part
  • had worked for Tostig, both hated
  • ambushed by previous ruler, head cut off
• Hereford the wake and rebellion Ely

  • Danes never fully left, toke control of area around Ely
  • King stein takes plunder and then leaves
  • Hereward wants to keep fighting, earl Morcar joins
  • defeated quickly, Morcar imprisoned for life, hereward eventually given back land
• why didn't rebellions work

  • rebels motivated by different local concerns, failed to form a national movement with common goal
  • no single, strong leader they all supported
  • didn't have a shared strategy, failed to coordinate
  • easier to defeat
  • many English nobles supported William, some helped him fight the rebels
• rebellion in york,

  • William sent new earl, Robert Cumin, to north top help control
  • his men looted and killed, so northumbria rebelled
  • northern nobles joined with Edgar atheling, king swein II of Denmark with fleet of 240 ships, and king Malcolm of Scotland
  • early 1069, killed norman earl of northumbria, and hundreds of knights in Durham, moved to besige york
  • William put down rebellion, built 2nd castle in york
• danes attack

  • September 1069, danish fleet arrived, take york and northumbria
  • William paid danes to leave the next spring
  • stop other rebellions, slaughtered people, ordered vitals claimed 100,000, 5% of population, burnt houses and fields,
• rebellions 1088

  • succession criss for William II
  • Roger of Montgomery and sons temporary sided against William II as new king
  • stopped, he promised them money and land
• rebellion 1101

  • Robert, 3rd earl of Shrewsbury, unsuccessful revolt assent Henry I, backing Robert
  • forfeited all estate, was exiled
• rebellion of exeter

  • disliked taxes and Godwinson supporters lived there
  • godwinsons sons raided south by sea
  • William besieged town for 18 days, until Harolds mother Gytha and pro Godwinsons left, and surrender of lords
  • built a castle, left Robert of mortain in charge
  • when Godwinson's son returned from Ireland 1068-9, Exeter refused to support due to castle and soldiers left there
• rebellion in Mercia and york

  • 1068
  • Edwin and Morcar, rebelled with the welsh in Mercia, and unrest in northumbria
  • give up after castle built in warwick
  • ordered more castles in Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Cambridge
  • put loyal normans in charge
• Earls revolt

  • 1075
  • Roger earl of Hereford, annoyed he didn't have as much power as father
  • joined by earl Ralph de Garl and English earl, waltheof, and Danish fleet of 200 coming
  • failed, waltheof fled to normandy hoping to save position, other 2 didn't get out of their own land
  • roger and Ralph lost land, waltheof beheaded
  • last major revolt for william
• Religious buildings

  • Church of St Edith at Pulverbatch, follows of Roger Montgomery
  • St Mary's church, Rhuddlan, Hugh d'Avranches
  • All saints church, Hereford, William fitzosbern
  • Chepstow Priory, Benedictine monastery
• Wales, castle building

  • 300 pre 1215 castle sites
  • another 100 along border with wales
  • by end of 11th century, rebuilt in stone, visible symbols of conquest and domination
  • surrounded by castlery, large area of land
  • ceremonial spaces built in castles to overawe population, great hall chepstow castle
• Wales, violence and terror

  • loot the countryside
  • drive animals away
  • imprison men and women who were sold as slaves
  • Place large area under harsh forest laws
  • broke spirit of welsh, allowed further conquest
• Marcher Lords
• Marchers Lords

  • task of dealing with Welsh threat and securing the border
  • allows to have their own armies, build their own castles, hold their own parliaments, establish churches and create new towns
  • owed allegiance to king and had to provide military service
  • followers to advantage
  • fall of the houses of breteuil 1075 and Montgomery 1102, allowed major followers Mortimers and Lacies to take over
• Domesday book

  • over 13,000 towns and villages
  • showed exactly who owned what
• why was the domesday book written

  • method of control
  • solve land disputs quicker
  • know who to tax and how much exactly
  • risk invasion from Vikings in 1085, army, men needed
• domesday, which parts were left out

  • Durham, raise own taxes as border with Scotland
  • some parts of North West, Cumberland, not fully controlled yet
  • London, too complex at start, had own taxes
• towns

  • ruddlan, hugh d'avranches, next to castle, site of an old Mercian fortified settlement, own church and mint,
  • chepstow, after 1081, William visited chepstow to show power over local competing welsh rule
  • Cardiff, castle, church and mint
  • montgomery, Roger of montogomery
  • pulverbatch castle and church, followers of Roger of montgomery
  • hereford, William fittosbern, rebuilt castle, establish new urban centre to its north, with a market and new church
  • encourage settlement, gave French merchants priviledges