CW

• Globalization - in economics, it is defined as the recognition by org. that business must have a global but not local focus
• phenomenon of globalization according to stoner et. al in 1995 as cited by abalos in 2006, there are three interelated namely proximity, location & attitude
• In the early 1990's, the importance of communication media was vividly demonstrated by the televised overthrow of a dictator in Romania
• Communication media

  Various platforms like print media, movies, radio, and television, which specialize in disseminating information, images, and societal values
• Watching too much television

  Contributes to violent behavior
• In 1982, the National Institute of Mental Health highlighted compelling scientific evidence indicating a correlation between excessive television violence and increased aggression and violent conduct among teenagers
• Social learning theory


  Television violence acts as a model for viewers, illustrating violent behavior and offering a socially sanctioned context for such actions, especially within the domestic setting of television viewing
• Eli Rubinstein investigated how televised violence affected emotionally disturbed children, finding a connection between their behavior and their television viewing habits
• Broadcasters have implemented a "family hour" during prime time, from 8:00 to 9:00 P.M., to ensure that programming is appropriate for family audiences
• Information is power


  The substantial influence wielded by media, which manage a broad and varied flow of information
• George Orwell's novel "1984" depicts a society where ubiquitous surveillance through two-way television screens is standard practice
• "1984" draws inspiration from the historical efforts of totalitarian regimes, particularly those under the leadership of Hitler and Stalin, to control media and employ them for mass manipulation
• Notable figures like Richard Nixon, Jimmy Swaggart, Gary Hart, and Jim and Tammy Bakker have experienced both ascent and downfall in front of a national television audience
• Media institutions, when distinct from political entities, pose challenges to powerful individuals or groups attempting to sway mass audiences
• Media's influence on behavior is limited due to the nature of communication itself
• Opinion leaders


  Influential individuals who play significant roles in shaping attitudes and behaviors, such as voting and consumer choices
• Mass media


  A distinct form of social communication distinguished by its broad audience, communication dynamics, and communicators
• Media


  A means to connect people
• The communicator in mass media is often an individual speaking to others through electronic platforms
• Mass media

  • Play a crucial role in both reflecting and shaping cultural values and interests
  • The extensive coverage of events highlights society's deep-seated concerns regarding human dignity and territorial integrity
  • McLuhan's concept of "the medium is the message" underscores the significance of the medium itself in conveying cultural messages
• Functions of mass media

  • Warning
  • Companionship
  • Status conferral
  • Agenda setting
  • Reality construction
  • Surveillance
  • Socialization and education
  • Propaganda
  • Mainstreaming
  • Entertainment
  • Advertising
• Propaganda


  A collection of symbols that influences opinions, beliefs, or actions on controversial issues
• Mainstreaming


  The creation of a shared outlook and set of values through television exposure. Heavy viewers tend to adopt similar perspectives, including negative attitudes towards issues like homosexuality and abortion
• The primary function of television entertainment is to provide viewers with engaging programming, prioritizing entertainment over artistic, cultural, or educational value
• The primary economic function of mass media is to attract audiences for advertisers, who seek to influence consumer purchasing decisions
• Media ethics principles

  • Accuracy
  • Objectivity
  • Fairness and balance
  • Truth
  • Integrity of source
  • Avoiding conflict of interest
• Deontological ethics


  The philosophy of duty, focusing on the right to do what is right, regardless of the consequences
• Teleological ethics


  A philosophy that emphasizes the consequences of an act rather than the act itself
• Situation ethics


  Focuses on the uniqueness of every person and ethical situation, with complete relativists or antinomians holding that there are no laws and only one principle
• John Merrill's deontelics


  Importance of considering both the act and its consequences. Journalists must act responsibly, considering not just the ethics of the act but also the natural
• Love of neighbor

  Joseph Fletcher's philosophy based on love of neighbor as articulated in the Golden Rule and the maxim, "You shall love your neighbors as yourself"
• Solving ethical dilemmas

  1. Appraising the situation

  2. Identifying values

  3. Appealing to ethical principles

  4. Choosing loyalties
• Potter Box


  A model of moral reasoning devised by Dr. Ralph Potter of the Harvard Divinity School, with four elements: Appraising the situation, Identifying values, Appealing to ethical principles, Choosing loyalties
• Appraising the situation


  Making a good ethical decision begins with good reporting. You need all the facts from a variety of sources.
• Identifying values

  You value your audience's right to know, but you may value a person's right to a fair trial more. You also value your independence and not being used by the police department or by the prosecution or by the defense.
• Appealing to ethical principles

  You need to look at the various ethical principles discussed previously. The principles are not meant to be a shopping list from which you may choose the one that serves your personal interest.
• Choosing loyalties

  You owe a certain loyalty to your news organization, yes, but you must also be loyal to your readers, listeners, or viewers. Journalists should not just reflect society, they should present a reasoned reflection.
• The foundation of reporting is the absence of the reporter's point of view, ensuring credibility. Ethics codes in news media primarily focus on identifying conflicts of interest.
• Friendship is identified as a significant conflict of interest in the media industry.
• Accepting payment for writing a story from anyone other than one's employer is considered unethical and unacceptable.