UTS Midterm Exam

• Erving Goffman


  He used the imagery of theater to portray the importance of human and social action.
• Intersubjective


  Selfhood is inevitably?
• Sociology 


  It is the study of society and how this affects a person in a variety of contexts.
• You & Others


  According to the role of socialization in the formation of the self, there are only two populations in the world. What are these?
• George Herbert Mead


  This Philosopher claimed that individualization is the outcome and not the antithesis of socialization.
• Contrual


  It is the act of contruing, interpreting or, interpretation.
• Harry C. Triandis


  He provided a contrary review about the relationships between cultural syndromes of individualism, collectivism, and personality.
• James Hall


  He introduced the multicultural orientation; cultural change and new identities meet and merge.
• Construct

  It means to build or form (something) by assembling parts.
• Social Self

  It is the aspect where the human person is being looked into in this lesson.
• John Mbiti

  He observed that the African community has the cultural orientation of the collective self, hence, has no concept of individual self.
• Bharati

  In India emphasized that in Hinduism, seeing God and the innermost self the indivisibility of the 'true' self with the oneness of God and that innermost self reached through mediation and self-discipline.
• Betsy Devos

  In Japan zeroed in on social awareness and the relational self.
• The Self is a product of social interactions.
• Markus and Kitayama

  They claimed that those who have independent self-construals define themselves in terms of internal attributes such as traits, abilities, values, and preferences.
• Anthony Giddens

  The transmutations introduced by modern institutions interlace in a direct way with individual life and therefore with The Self.
• Gauntlet

  Whilst earlier societies with a social order based firmly in tradition would provide individuals with (more or less) clearly defined roles, in post-traditional societies we must work out our roles for ourselves
• Foucault

  With modernity, The Self is coerced into existence, not as an agent but as a mechanism of control where systems of discourse work from the inside by creating a self-regulating subject
• Society expects us to value our lives for it is a God-given gift.
• People with independent self-construal defines themselves in terms of internal attributes such as traits, abilities, values, and preferences.
• The independent-self describes themself in psychological terms and activities that are geared towards attaining personal goals and individualization of The Self.
• The connected/interdependent-self describes themself in social terms which are embedded in a network of social relations geared towards living in harmony in the social and environmental context and enhancing the collective life of the community.
• Anthropology is a social science that is concerned with human culture and the physical and social characteristics that create that culture. It often compares one group of humans to another.
• Construal as the act of construing or interpreting; interpretation.
• Agency are thoughts and actions taken by people to express their individual power.
• Human Agency is the capacity of human beings to make choices (Bandura).
• Agentic is the attribute of people to self-organize, self-regulate, be self-reflective, and be proactive. As times change, we are not merely reactive organisms shaped by environmental forces or driven by inner impulses, we have the capacity tomake choices in the world.
• Dialectic is the relationship between two things that can influence each other; a change in one requires a change in the other.
• Dialogical-self is the mind's ability to imagine the different opinions of participants in an internal dialogue, in close connection with external dialogue (Hermans, 1990).
• Generalized others are an individual's concept of other people; individual's internalized impression of societal norms and expectations (Mead,2007).
• Structure is a factor of influence (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, ability, customs, etc.) that determines or limits an agent and his or her decisions.
• Reflexibility is the capacity of an agent to recognize forces of socialization that alters their place in the social structure (William Thomas). A person with low reflexibility can be shaped by the environment while a person with high reflexibility creates their own and is a catalyst for change in others.
• Culture is the unique quality of man that separates him from lower animals.It includes everything man has acquired in his individual and social life. In the words of Maciver and Page, culture is "the realm of styles, of values, of emotional attachments, of intellectual adventures." It is the entire 'social heritage' that the individual receives from the group.
• B. Malinowski defined culture as the 'cumulative creation of man'. He also regarded culture as the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends.
• Edward B. Tylor, a famous English anthropologist, defined culture as,"...that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
• Robert Bierstedt stated that, "Culture is the complex whole that consists of all the ways we think and do and everything we have as members of society."
• Elements of Culture

  1. Cognitive elements
  2. Beliefs
  3. Values and Norms
  4. Signs
  5. Non-normative ways of behaving
• Material culture consists of man-made objects such as tools, implements, furniture, automobiles, buildings, dams, roads, bridges, and other physical substances that was changed and used by man.
• Non-material culture is internally and intrinsically valuable and reflects the inward nature of man.
• Erikson

  Identity is the identification of self, byself and others.