Pdfsss

• Memory


  The means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that information in the present

  
• Memory (as a process)


  • Dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experience

  
• Common operations of memory

  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
• Memory plays an important role in the human information processing model, with major implications in ergonomics - particularly in display design

  
• Short-term memory (STM)


  A temporary store (or buffer) in which small amounts of information are briefly retained while a particular mental or physical operation is carried out
• Short-term memory


  • Contains symbols related to current processing but has limited storage capacity
  • STM storage limitations can cause errors
  • STM is sometimes referred to as working memory
• Long-term memory (LTM)


  Contains symbolic structures built up through learning in which new data can be embedded. General knowledge of the world and of life events is stored in LTM.

  
• Long-term memory


  • We may sometimes be unable to retrieve this information but can be reminded of it by others, evidence that LTM storage is more or less permanent
  • LTM is associative in nature: new data can be represented in the context of past behavior, but this takes time
• Encoding


  Transforming sensory data into a form of mental representation
• Storage


  Keeping encoded information in memory
• Retrieval


  Pulling out or using information stored in memory
• Tasks used for measuring memory

  • Recall vs recognition memory
  • Implicit vs explicit memory

  
• Recall vs recognition memory

  • Recall - you produce a fact, word, or other item from memory

  Recognition - you select or identify an item as being one you have been exposed to previously

  
• Types of recall tasks


  • Serial recall
  • Free recall
  • Cued recall

  
• Serial recall


  Recalling items in the exact order in which they were presented
• Free recall


  Recalling items in any order
• Cued recall


  Recalling one member of a pair when given the other member as a cue
• Relearning


  The number of trials it takes to learn once again items that were learned in the past
• Recognition memory is usually much better than recall memory
• Recognition memory


  Responding to stimuli presented and deciding whether you have seen them before or not

  
• Recall memory


  Producing an answer from memory

  
• Explicit memory


  Conscious recollection of previously learned information

  
• Implicit memory


  Unconscious and effortless use of information from memory
• Models of memory


  • Primary memory (temporary)
  • Secondary memory (permanent)

  
• Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

  • Sensory store
  • Short-term store
  • Long-term store
• Sensory store


  Initial repository of much information that eventually enters the short- and long-term stores
• Iconic store


  A discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods, in the form of visual images
• Short-term memory store


  Holds memories for a few seconds to a couple of minutes, and has control processes that regulate the flow of information to and from the long-term store
• Short-term memory typically stores information acoustically (by the way it sounds) rather than visually (by the way it looks)
• Short-term memory capacity is about 7 items, plus or minus 2
• Short-term store


  Holds a few items for a few seconds and occasionally up to a couple of minutes
• Atkinson-Shiffrin model


  • Short-term store has control processes that regulate the flow of information to and from the long-term store
• Short-term memory


  Material remains for about 30 seconds, unless rehearsed to retain it. Information is stored acoustically (by the way it sounds) rather than visually (by the way it looks)
• Short-term memory capacity


  About seven items, plus or minus two
• Items in short-term memory

  • A digit
  • A word
• We cannot remember 20 items and repeat them immediately
• Chunking


  Grouping a string of items into larger meaningful units to increase short-term memory capacity
• Number of syllables in each item affects short-term memory capacity
• Delay or interference can reduce short-term memory capacity to about three to five items
• Long-term memory


  Memories that stay with us over long periods, perhaps indefinitely