Plant and Animal tissues

• Histology - branch of biology that deals with the study of plant and animal tissues
• Microtome - instrument that is used to cut tissues into ultra thin section
• • Johannes Evangelista Purkinje - invented the microtomes
• Tissues - collection of cells that have similar structure and function together as a unit
• Plants - are multicellular organisms composed of several organs known as vegetative organs (stems, leaves, roots) which allows them to live and grow
• • Shoot system - grows above the ground, composed of two parts, the vegetative and reproductive parts
• • Root system - anchors the plant into the ground, absorbs water and minerals, and serves as a storage site for food
• Meristematic Tissues -

  • plant grows because it has meristems
• • meristems are made up of embryonic tissues that are called meristematic tissues
• • Apical Meristem - found at the tip of the stems or roots that is responsible for elongation or the increase in the vertical length of roots and shoots and for leaf production.
• • Lateral Meristem - located in the stems and roots on the lateral side and is responsible for horizontal growth and increase in diameter of the shoot, stem, roots, and branches.
• Cambium - ring of meristematic tissues found inside a mature stem. When plant is old, cambium is present
• Vascular Cambium - produces new layer of vascular tissues
• Cork Cambium - produces new layer of surface tissues called cork.
• • Intercalary Meristem (axillary buds) - found on the nodes of the stem and responsible for the increase in length in the middle position, growth from leaf base and node, and the formation of branches
• Permanent tissues - tissues that are completely grown and have lost the ability of division
• • Vascular Tissues - transport or conduct food and water to supply the plant’s nutrition
• Xylem Tissue - composed of elongated, liquefied tubes called vessels and tracheids which conduct water and mineral salts from the roots to the gleaves
• Phloem Tissue - consists mainly of unliquefied living cells called sieve tubes, which convey food materials from the leaves (food manufacturer) to other parts of the plants
• Surface or Dermal Tissues - cover and protect the surface of the plants.
• 1. Epidermal Tissue - located on the outermost, nonwoody (immature), surface of roots, stems, and leaves
• cutin - waxy substance that prevents water loss and protects against bacteria and other organisms that may cause harm to the plant
• • Guard cells - found on leaves that opens and closes the stomata for gas exchange
• • Root hairs - slender projections to increase surface area of the root for absorption
• Periderm - a waterproof tissue that becomes the bark and cork of an old tree
• Ground or Fundamental Tissues - serve for the production, support, and storage of food
• • Parenchyma - has thin walled cells with large vacuole
• Parenchyma - help in maintaining the shape and firmness of the plants

  consists of chloroplasts, plastids important for production and storage also serve as storage of food and water
• Collenchyma

  -for primary growth

  -irregularly thickenedconsidered as mechanical tissue that provides support to immature parts of young plants particularly to the stem of non-woody older plants and leaves
• • Sclerenchyma - composed of cells with thick secondary walls that strengthen the plant body
• Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia
• Animal Tissues work together to make an organ, for an example: stomach is made up of four types of tissues (epithelial, muscle, nervous, vascular (connective)
• Epithelial Tissues - form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands
• Glands - secretes (exocrine and endocrine)
• Fibrous Tissue  - provides support and shock absorption to our bones and organs

  -tendons connects muscle to bone - - ligaments connects bone to bone
• • Cartilage Tissue - made up of cartilage cells that secrete fibrous material which are strong but flexible
• • Bone Tissue - hardest connective tissues containing cells called osteocytes
• • Adipose Tissue (fat tissues)

  special type of connective tissue that store fats. serves as fat storage and as supporting pads for other tissues
• • Vascular Tissue - the blood transporting and circulating materials in our body
• 3 blood cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)