sci

• Volcano


  Vent or 'chimney' that connects molten rock (magma) from within the Earth's crust to the Earth's surface

  
• Vulcano


  Volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy, origin of the word 'volcano'
• Vulcan


  God of fire in Roman mythology, origin of the name 'Vulcano'
• Crater


  • Bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano, connected to the magma chamber by the vent
  • Usually less than 1km in diameter

  
• Caldera


  • Larger depression formed when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber
  • Can reach up to 50km in diameter

  
• How a volcano is formed

  1. Plates collide and one goes under the other

  2. Heat from the mantle causes the rocks to melt, forming magma

  3. Magma tries to break into the surface
• Cone


  • Most striking part of a volcano, usually composed of mixtures of lava and pyroclastic

  
• Vent


  • Opening through which an eruption takes place, supplies magma from the underlying source to the top
• Magma Chamber


  • Large underground pool of liquid rock found beneath the Earth's crust
• Crater


  • Basin-like depression over a vent at the summit of the cone
• Caldera


  • Volcanic depression much larger than the original crater

  
• Lava


  Rock or magma expelled from a volcano during eruption, can reach temperatures up to 700°C

  
• Dikes


  • Barriers or obstacles in a volcano

  
• Sills


  • Solidified lava flows that originally forced their way between and parallel to older layers of rocks
• Conduit


  • Channel or pipe conveying liquid materials such as magma
• Flank


  • Side of a volcano

  
• Summit


  • Highest point or apex of a volcano
• Throat


  • Entrance of a volcano
• Ash cloud


  • Composed of pulverized rock and glass created during eruption, expelled into the atmosphere
• Volcanic bombs


  • Chunks of lava blasted into the air which solidify before reaching the ground, can measure up to 64mm in diameter
• Pyroclastic flow


  • Fast-moving currents of hot gases and rock travelling downhill from a volcano

  
• Tephra fall


  • Fragmented material consisting of pumice, scoria, lithic materials, or crystals
• Lahar


  • Flowing mixtures of volcanic debris and water, classified as primary/hot or cold
• Different pyroclastic materials


  • Volcanic ashes
  • Lapillus
  • Volcanic blocks
  • Volcanic bombs
  • Lahar

  
• Types of volcanoes by activity

  • Active
  • Inactive
  • Extinct

  
• Types of volcanic eruption

  • Explosive
  • Non-explosive

  
• Types of volcanoes by shape and composition

  • Shield volcano
  • Cinder cone
  • Composite/Strato

  
• Geothermal energy


  Energy coming from the Earth's core, transferred through heat transfer mechanisms
• Factors influencing magma formation

  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Presence of water
• Types of magma


  • Basaltic
  • Andesitic
  • Ryolitic

  
• Köppen climate classification


  Most widespread climate classification system, divides places into major categories based on temperature, precipitation, and vegetation

  
• Climate


  Average of all weather conditions of an area over a long period of time, including temperature, air pressure, humidity, and sunshine
• Factors affecting climate


  • Latitude
  • Ocean current
  • Wind
  • Elevation
  • Relief
  • Proximity to water
• Tropical climate characteristics


  • Equal day length
  • Evenly distributed, heavy precipitation
  • Monthly average temperature of 18°C or higher in the coolest month
• Tropical climate vegetation


  • Tropical broadleaf evergreen rainforest with some deciduous trees and plants
  • Tall to short continuous grasslands with scattered trees and gallery forests
• Types of desert


  • Reg (gravel and rock surface)
  • Erg (sand dunes)
  • Hamada (large expanses of unbroken rock)
• Arid climate


  Dry climate sub-type with severe excess of evaporation over precipitation, receiving 10-30cm of rain per year
• Semiarid climate


  Dry climate sub-type receiving enough precipitation to support extensive grasslands
• Temperate climate


  Occurs in the middle latitudes between the tropics and polar regions
• Polar climate


  Brief, cool summers; long, bitterly cold winters; largest annual temperature ranges; lowest temperatures outside of Antarctica