Philosophy

• Four major foundations of Curriculum

  • Philosophical
  • Historical
  • Psychological
  • Social
• School Purposes by Ralph Tayler


  • Suggestions from subject specialist
  • Studies of Contemporary Life
  • Studies of Learners
  • Use of psychology of learning
  • Use of philosophy
• Perennialism


  • Universal truth that is unchanging
  • Ideas and knowledge are still valuable regardless of era
  • Education is timeless
  • Logical and critical thinking
  • Step by step process to build a skill (in developing a skill)
  • Focus more western texts
• Aim of Perennialism


  • To teach rational people
  • To cultivate the intellect
• Role of Education in Perennialism


  Teachers help students think with reason
• Focus on the Curriculum in Perennialism


  • Classical subjects
  • Literary analysis
  • Curriculum are constant
• Curriculum Trends in Perennialism

  • The use of Great books
  • Return to liberal arts
• Key principles of Perennialism

  • The Enduring Nature of Truth
  • The importance of Rational thought
  • Focus on Classical Text
  • Consistent, Universal nature of Knowledge
  • Moral and Ethical Education
• Perennialism in Classroom


  • Teacher-led discussion
  • Emphasis on Intellectual Development
  • Critical analysis of text
  • The role of teacher
  • The role of student
• Criticism of Perennialism


  • Lack of consideration for individual interest
  • Potential for Rigidity
  • Limited Cultural Perspective
• Essentialism


  • Essentialism tries to instill the most basic knowledge, skill, and character development
  • Essentialists believe that students should be taught to be modern citizens
  • Essentialists believe that teachers should traditional moral values and virtues
  • Essentialists believe mastery in learning
• Purpose of Schooling in Essentialism


  • To prepare student to be productive, contributing member of society
  • To teach the young the essential that they need in the modern world
• Curriculum of Essentialism


  • Mathematics
  • Natural Science
  • History
  • Foreign Language
  • Literature
• Role of Teachers in Essentialism

  • Teaches discipline and hard work
  • Expert of content knowledge
  • Accountable to the learning of student
  • Impart essential knowledge
  • Direct focused task
• Teaching strategies in Essentialism

  • Use of instructional strategy
  • Lecture
  • Memorization
  • Homework
  • Teacher and subject centered
  • Mastery Learning
• Role of Students in Essentialism

  • Passive and be ready to learn what the teacher presents to them
  • Listen and learn
  • Trust to the teacher knows best
• Advantages of Essentialism


  • Core knowledge foundation
  • Standardize curriculum
  • Focus on basic
  • Preparation for world challenges
  • Less room for fluff
  • Consistency across school
  • Clear assessment metric
  • Teacher authority
  • Teacher-tested content
  • Reduces educational fads
• Disadvantages of Essentialism


  • Limited exposure
  • Lack of critical thinking
  • Not adaptive to individual needs
  • Resistance to modern topic
  • Potential for stagnation
  • Lack of creativity
  • Overemphasis on standardize testing
  • Teacher-centric approach
  • Potential for cultural bias
  • Less emphasis on soft skills
• Four major foundations of Curriculum

   

  School Purposes by Ralph Tayler

   

  Perennialism

   

  Perennialism in Education

  Key principle of Perennialism

   

  Perennialism in Classroom

   

  Criticism in Perennialism

   

  Essentialism Philosopher

  Essentialism belief

   

  Purpose of Schooling 

  Essential of Curriculum

   

  Teaching strategies:

   

  Role of Students

   

  Advantages of essentialism

   

  Disadvantages

   
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