pathophysiology

• Health


  "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" WHO
• Disease


  A dynamic state of the body characterized by a loss of the well-being which essentially implies a decrease of the biological and social potentials of the individual
• Normal condition of the organism


  • Balance of the organism and environment
  • Organism integrity
  • Ability to work
• Affected persons


  • Deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of part, organ, or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms or signs
  • Homeostatic disturbances
  • Reduced adaptability
• Pathogenesis


  The mechanisms by which a disease develops, progresses, and either persists or is resolved
• Pathogenic mechanisms of viral disease

  1. Implantation of virus at the portal of entry

  2. Local replication

  3. Spread to target organs (disease sites)

  4. Spread to sites of shedding of virus into the environment
• Stages of disease pathogenesis

  • Incubation period
  • Prodromal period
  • Acute period
  • Convalescence period
• Types of pathogenesis

  • Microbial infection
  • Inflammation
  • Malignancy
  • Tissue breakdown
• Stages of disease progression

  • Exposure or injury
  • Latent (initial; incubation - for the infectious disease)
  • Prodromal
  • Manifestation
  • Period of the outcome of disease
• Favorable outcomes


  • Recovering (complete, incomplete, remission)
  • Recurrence
  • Complication
• Unfavorable outcomes

  • Preagonal state
  • Agonal state
  • Clinical death
  • Biological death
• Healing


  • Initiated when inflammation begins
  • Occurs via a combination of regeneration and repair
• Mediators of tissue regeneration and repair

  • TGF-α
  • TGF-β
  • Platelet-derived growth factor
  • Fibroblast growth factor
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
• Hypertrophic scar


  Excess production of scar tissue that is localized to the wound
• Keloid


  Excess production of scar tissue that is out of proportion to the wound
• Classification of death

  • Natural Death
  • Sudden/Accidental Death
• Stages of death


  • Preagony stage
  • Agony
  • Clinical death
  • Biological death
• Etiology


  The frequent studies to determine one or more factors that come together to cause an illness
• Classification of causes (etiology)

  • Extrinsic (Mechanical, Physical, Biological, Sociocultural)
  • Intrinsic (Inheritance, body constitution, age, gender, Metabolic or hormone disorders)
• Idiopathic disease


  Cause is unknown
• Factors contributing to disruption of normal physiological processes

  • Extrinsic (External influences from environment)
  • Intrinsic (Originate from within the body)
• Disruption of normal physiological processes is a condition for diseases to form
• Pathogenic forces


  Any factor that contributes to the development of disease
• Main idea of pathogenesis

  The central mechanism or process that underlies the development of a particular disease
• Cause-and-effect relationships in pathogenesis


  One event or factor leads to another, ultimately resulting in the manifestation of the disease
• Strong rings or chains in pathogenesis

  The concept of interconnected causal relationships that perpetuate the disease process
• Intrinsic forces


  • Genetic mutations
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Autoimmune reactions
• Extrinsic forces

  • Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi)
  • Environmental toxins
  • Physical agents (radiation, trauma)
• Main idea of pathogenesis

  The central mechanism or process that underlies the development of a particular disease. It represents the key event or series of events that initiate and perpetuate the disease process.
• In atherosclerosis, the main idea of pathogenesis is the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells in the arterial wall, leading to plaque formation and narrowing of blood vessels.
• Cause-and-effect relationships in pathogenesis

  Pathogenesis involves a chain of cause-and-effect relationships, where one event or factor leads to another, ultimately resulting in the manifestation of the disease
• Pathogenesis


  • Can be linear
  • Can be branching
• Strong rings or chains in pathogenesis

  The interconnected and reinforcing nature of the various pathogenic processes involved in a disease. These processes can form a self-perpetuating cycle or feedback loop, where one event or factor exacerbates or reinforces another, amplifying the overall disease progression.
• Extrinsic and intrinsic factors can contribute to pathogenesis
• Hyperthermia


  Increased heat in the body, most common is heatstroke. Hyperthermia is defined as a temperature greater than 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F), depending on the reference used, that occurs without a change in the body's temperature set point.
• Causes of hyperthermia


  • Heatstroke
  • Physical activity in hot environments
• Types of hyperthermia


  • Heat stress
  • Heat fatigue
  • Heat syncope
  • Heat edema
  • Heat rash
• Stages of hyperthermia


  • Heat cramps
  • Heat exhaustion
  • Heat stroke
• Sunstroke


  Occurs as a result of exposure of the head directly to the broiling sun. It is characterized by ultraviolet radiation-dependent massive release of cytokines and prostaglandins (especially in the meningeal and cerebral blood) and extreme stimulation of the CNS.
• Systemic hypothermia

  A disturbance in the heat balance accompanied by unintentional drop a core body temperature to less than 35 degrees.