3IS

• Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach (Polit & Beck, 2004).
• Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach (Polit & Beck, 2004).
• Research - plays an important role in tertiary education. Though there are many problems confronted by higher education, developments are realized through research (Palispis, 2004)
• Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of new information or concepts (Sanchez, 1999).
• Research tests approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
• CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

  1. It should be systematic.
  2. It should be objective.
  3. It should be feasible.
  4. It should be empirical.
  5. It should be clear.
• SCIENTIFIC - Naturally occurring phenomena are examined. It is a systematic process that involves formulating hypotheses, testing predictions using relevant data.
• RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES - Seeks to define the purpose of human existence.
• ARTISTIC - Provides alternative approaches to establish concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes for fundamental and theoretical ones.
• QUALITATIVE - Defined as the naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly (Polit & Beck, 2008).
• PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY (Lived Experiences)
• ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY - (Cultural groups or minorities)
• CASE STUDY (In depth examination)
• GROUNDED THEORY (Comparing collected units of data against one another)
• BASIC INTERPRETATIVE QUALITATIVE STUDY (How individuals give meanings)
• QUANTITATIVE - A systematic investigation of observable

  phenomena where the researcher gathers quantitative or numerical data and subjects them to statistical methods.
• DESCRIPTIVE - (Report and observe certain phenomenon)
• CORRELATIONAL - (Shows relationship of variables)
• EX POST FACTO (Shows causes to effect)
• QUASI EXPERIMENTAL (Cause and Effect that go with intact groups)
• EXPERIMENTAL (Cause and Effect that proceed to extensive variable manipulation)
• WHAT IS A RESEARCH ARTICLE? A journal article in which the authors report on the research they did. Research articles are always primary sources. Whether or not a research article is peer reviewed depends on the journal that publishes it.
• PATTERN FOR PUBLISHED RESEARCH ARTICLES ★ Title & Author(s) ★ Abstract ★ Introduction ★ Methodology ★ Results ★ Discussion ★ Conclusion ★ References
• Font Style - Arial
• Size - 10
• Spacing - Single-line spacing
• Margin - 1 inch
• Paper Size - A4
• TITLE - Use bold for your article title, with an initial capital letter for any proper nouns
• ABSTRACT - Italicized with a maximum of 150 words
• First-level headings should be in bold, with an initial capital letter for any proper nouns with a font size o 12
• Second-level headings researchers name first name first (alphabetical by surname) with a font size of 12
• Third-level headings should be in italics with a fontsize of 8
• TABLES AND FIGURES - Show clearly in your article text where the tables and figures should appear, for example, by writing [Table 1 near here].
• If you are submitting a data availability statement for your article, include it within the text of your manuscript, before your ‘References’ section. Remember to give it the heading ‘Data availability statement’ so that readers can easily find it.
• data availability statement - Also sometimes called a ‘data access statement
• data availability statement - Tells the reader where the research data associated with a paper is available, and under what conditions the data can be accessed. They also include links (where applicable) to the data set.
• RUNNING HEADS AND RECEIVED DATES - These aren’t required when submitting a manuscript for review. They will be added during the production process if and when the article is accepted for publication.
• VARIABLE - Is any element or entity which can be measured for quantity or quality.
• Variable - Simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way.