drrr midterms

• Hazard


  A situation or event that can endanger or cause harm to the elements of the community or area exposed to it
• Types of hazards

  • Natural
  • Man-made (technological)
• Natural hazards


  • Caused by physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in the environment
  • Examples: earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, wildfires
• Man-made or technological hazards


  • Caused by human error, planned or negligence, or malfunctions in technologies
  • Examples: bomb explosions, chemical spills, radioactive or toxic pollutant emissions, and war
• Magnitude


  Shows the extent or size of impact based on quantitative interpretations of scientific instruments
• Frequency


  Number of times a hazard occurs in an area, determines the amount of impact
• Duration of impact


  Impact of hazards varies in its duration, assessment can have implications on preparatory and post-disaster plans
• Causality of events


  Impact of hazards depends on the extent of involvement of several exposed elements
• Impacts of hazards on exposed elements

  • Physical (infrastructures)
  • Socioeconomic (livelihood, health, safety)
  • Environmental (ecosystems, living organisms)
• Earthquake


  • Weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth's surface
  • Can be tectonic or volcanic
  • Associated with foreshocks and aftershocks
• Earthquake response


  Drop, cover, and hold
• Earthquake hazards

  • Ground shaking
  • Ground rupture
  • Liquefaction
• Tsunami


  • Series of water waves caused by a displacement of a large volume of a body of water
  • Causes: earthquake, volcanic eruption, underwater explosions, meteorite impacts
  • Signs: receding water, abnormally huge wave, loud ocean roar
• Volcanic eruption


  • Rupture in the earth's layer over which liquefied rock from under the earth's exterior erupt
  • Associated with ejecting of volcanic materials such as molten rocks and gaseous materials
• Volcanic eruption hazards


  • Volcanic gases
  • Lahar flow
  • Ash fall
  • Pyroclastic flow
  • Lava flows