mode of transmission

• droplet spread (direct)

  1. influenza
  2. sars 2003
  3. mers 2012
  4. n-cov 2019
  5. pneumonia (airborne)
• droplet spread (direct)

  6. chickenpox (varicella)

  7. meningococcemia

  8. tuberculosis

  9. measles
• droplet

  10. leprosy (airborne; skin-to-skin)

  11. whooping cough (pertussis) (only discharge, not droplet)

  12. rabies (only in bats (airborne))
• Vehicle-borne

  1. mumps (epidemic parotitis) (or nasopharynx secretion)
  2. poliomyelitis (food and water)
  3. bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) 4F; contamination
  4. cholera (el-tor) (food and water; vomit; stool)
  5. diptheria (milk)
• vehicle-borne

  6. hepa. A (fecal-oral; food and water)

  7. soil transmitted helminthiassis (fecal-oral; food and water)

  8. paragonimiasis (raw food; crabs; water; utensils)

  9. typhoid fever (enteric fever) (food and water)
• Vector borne

  1. filariasis
  2. rabies (rabid animal bite/scratch)
  3. malaria
  4. dengue hemorrhagic fever
  5. Zika
  6. typhoid fever (flies)
• Avian Flu-bird/chicken discharges inhalation
• tetanus - soil, dust, animals and/or human feces
• poliolyelitis - mucus/phlegm/feces
• schistomiasis (bilhariasis/snail fever)- contaminated fresh water, snails, worms
• leptospirosis - open wounds
• STI (BACTERIAL)

  1. Genorrhea (GC, Clap, drip) - at birth; Direct: through mucous
  2. syphillis (sy, bad blood, the pox)
  3. chlamydia
• STI (PARASITIC)

  1. Trichomoniasis
• STI (VIRAL)

  1. AIDS (acquire immunodefficiency syndrome) - body fluids; contaminated needles
  2. genital herpes - at birth
  3. Hepa B - blood transfusion; unsterilized needle
• Influenza

  Droplet

  Influenza Virus A, B, C

  Active immunization: Influenza Vax

  Antiviral Drugs
• BIRD FLU/AVIAN INFLUENZA

  Inhalation of contaminated feces of bird/chicken

  Influenza Virus A (H5N1)

  Yearly vax

  Antiviral Drugs: Osetalmivir
• SARS (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME)

  Droplet spread

  SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

  No vax

  Antiviral drugs: Steroids
• MERS (MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME)

  droplet spread

  Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

  No Vax

  Supportive Treatment Only
• 2019-nCoV

  droplet spread

  2019 novel coronavirus

  BioNTech, CoronoVac, Astrazenenca, Sputnik V

  Remdesivir; Convalescent Plasma Therapy
• CHICKENPOX (VARICELLA)

  Droplet spread (discharges)

  Varicella-Zoster Virus

  Vax is available

  Acyclovir
• MENINGOCOCCEMIA

  droplet spread

  Neisseria meningitidis

  Meningococcal conjugate Vax

  Penicillin G (If allergic, Chloramphenicol/ Third-generation cephalosporin)
• TUBERCULOSIS

  droplets

  myobacterium tuberculosis

  BCG Vax (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin - newborn)

  Isoniazid, Rifampicin; Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
• MEASLES

  droplet spread

  Measles virus/ Rubeoia

  MMR Vax (Measles, Mumps, rubeoia)

  No treatment
• MUMPS (Epidemic Parotitis)

  Direct contact (vehicle-borne)

  Mumps virus (family of Paramyxoviridae)

  MMR Vax

  Warm/Cold compress
• DIPTHERIA

  Contact with discharges (Vehicle: Milk)

  Corynobacterium diptheriae

  DPT Vax (Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus)

  Antitoxin, Penicillin; Antibiotics
• WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)

  Direct contact with mucus discharge

  Bordetella pertussis

  DPT Vax

  Antibiotics: Erythromycin
• TETANUS NEONATORUM (AND AMONG OLDER AGE GROUP)

  contamination of unhealed stump & umbilical cord/soil, street dust, animals, and human feces

  DPT Vax

  Antitoxin; Penicillin
• POLIOMYELITIS

  Direct: Mucus, phlegm, feces, food, and water

  Poliovirus

  OPV/ IPV

  Support treatment only
• LEPROSY (HANSEN'S DISEASE)

  Airborne: droplet inhalation

  Myobacterium leprae

  BCG Vax

  Ambulatory chemotherapy: Multi-drug: Rifampicin, clofazimine

  (Different drugs per month)

  Other drugs: minocycline, clarithromycin, and some fluoroquinolones
• BACILLARY DYSENTERY (SHIGELLOSIS)

  4F: Food, fingers, feces, and flies

  Shigella: Sonnei, boydii, flexneri, dysenteriae

  CDT Vax

  Inhibitory: Ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

  for Dehydration: Oresol
• TYPHOID FEVER (ENTERIC FEVER)

  Vehicle: Food and Water; Vectors: Flies

  Salmonella typhi

  CDT Vax/ High antigenicity vax

  Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin (adults); Ceftriaxone (pregnant women and children); ORESOL
• CHOLERA (El Tor)

  Vehicle: Food and Water/ Vomit and stool

  Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 or O139 (El Tor)

  CDT Vax/ Oral Cholera Vax (2 doses for 3 years)

  Rehydration Therapy; Antibiotics: Doxycycline (adults); Azithromycin (Children and pregnant)

  Zinc (Children)
• HEPATITIS A (INFECTIOUS AND EPIDEMIC HEPATITIS, CATARRHAL JAUNDICE)

  Vehicle-borne: Fecal-Oral/ Food and water

  Hepatitis Virus (HAV)

  Hepatitis A Vax

  Postexposure Prophylaxis
• SOIL TRANSMITTED HEALMINTHIASIS (STH)

  Vehicle: Fecal-oral/ Food

  • Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant intestinal hookworm
  • Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm)
  • Ancyclostoma duodenale (old world hookworm)
  • Necator Americanus (New world hookworm)
  • Drugs: Piperazine Citrate, pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole, albendazole, levimazole
• SCHISTOMIASIS (BILHARIASIS/SNAIL FEVER)

  Contaminated fresh water

  Schistosoma: japonicum (Oriental Blood Fluke)

  mansoni (Manson's blood fluke) (Oxaminiquine)

  haematobium (Vesical blood fluke) (Metrifonate)

  Host: Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi (snail)

  Praziquantel (all species)
• PARAGONIMIASIS (resembles PTB)

  Vehicle: Contamination/ Inhalation of raw crabs; water

  Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)

  Host: 1st IH (Fresh water SNAIL): Brotia asperata

  2nd IH (fresh water CRAB): Sundathelpusa philippina

  Praziquantel (3x/2days) / Bithionol
• FILARIASIS

  Vector: Female Mosquito

  • Wuchereria benacrofti (Aedes poecilus, Anopheles minimus flavirostris)
  • Brugia malayi/timori (Mansonia bonnaea, Mansonia uniformis)
  • Loa loa (African eye worm)

  Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) / Hetrazan; Antibiotics & antifungal
• LEPTOSPIROSIS (MUD, TRENCH, FLOOD, JAPANESE 7 DAYS FEVER; WEIL'S DISEASE; SPIROKETAL JAUNDICE) (Worldwide zoonotic disease)

  Open Wounds

  Leptospira interrogans

  Vector-borne: Rat (main), pigs, cattles, horses, dogs, wild animals

  Penicillin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Erythromycin
• RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA, LYSSA/ Viral encephalomyelitis)

  Vector-borne: Animal bite/scratch

  Airborne: bats

  Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus)

  Dog Vax, anti-rabies; antibiotics, anti tetanus
• MALARIA

  Vector-borne: Female mosquito bite (with erythrocytic parasites)

  Vectors: Anopheles flavirostris

  • Plasmodium: falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi

  No vax

  Chloroquine (1-2weeks)