Science Finals 3rd Quarter

• Parts of the Male Reproductive System

  • External parts: Scrotum and Penis
  • Internal parts: prostate gland, urethra, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, vas deferens, epididymis, and the testis
• Penis


  The male organ for intercourse and urination, with a rounded head (glans) at the tip of the narrower shaft
• Scrotum


  Envelops the testes
• Gonads (testes)


  Produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete testosterone
• Epididymis


  Pair of coiled ducts where newly formed sperm are conveyed from the testes
• Vas deferens


  Pair of ducts that carry mature sperm from the epididymis to the penis
• Bulbourethral glands


  Pair of exocrine glands that secrete mucous
• Seminal vesicles


  Pair of exocrine glands that contribute fructose-rich fluid to semen
• Ejaculatory ducts


  Pair of ducts that carry sperm to the penis
• Prostate gland


  Exocrine gland that contributes alkaline fluid to the semen
• Endocrine glands


  Glands without ducts that release signaling molecules called hormones
• Parts of the Female Reproductive System

  • External parts: clitoris, two sets of labia (labia minora and labia majora), and the vaginal opening
  • Internal parts: ovaries, uterus, oviduct or fallopian tube, cervix, and vagina
• Clitoris


  Small organ responsible for sexual stimulation, located at the vaginal opening
• Labia minora


  Pair of innermost thin skin folds that are part of the genitals
• Labia majora


  Pair of outermost fat-padded skin folds that are part of the genitals
• Vaginal opening


  Organ for sexual intercourse and birth canal
• Ovaries


  Pair of gonads located in the pelvic cavity, produce estrogen and progesterone, release immature eggs (oocytes)
• Oviduct or Fallopian tube


  Pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that draw in and catch the oocyte released by the ovary
• Uterus


  Hollow pear-shaped organ above the urinary bladder where the oviducts empty, with a thick muscular wall (myometrium) and a lining (endometrium) where the embryo attaches during pregnancy
• Cervix


  Narrowed region at the lowest portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
• Vagina


  Extends from the cervix to the vaginal opening, functions as an organ for sexual intercourse and as the birth canal
• Erectile Dysfunction

  Inability of a man to achieve an erection or orgasm
• Sterility


  In medical usage, refers to the inability to produce a live child, while infertility is measured by failure to conceive after 1 year without contraception
• Sperm Count


  A low sperm count is diagnosed as part of a semen analysis test. Sperm count is generally determined by examining semen under a microscope to see how many sperm appear within squares on a grid pattern
• Lowered Testosterone

  Testosterone levels generally decrease with age, so older men tend to have low blood testosterone levels
• Testicular cancer


  A disease that occurs when cancerous (malignant) cells develop in the tissues of a testicle
• Prostate cancer


  Cancer that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
• Endometriosis


  A problem affecting a woman's uterus—the place where a baby grows when a woman is pregnant. Endometriosis is when the kind of tissue that normally lines the uterus grows somewhere else
• Uterine Fibroids


  The most common noncancerous tumors in women of childbearing age. Fibroids are made of muscle cells and other tissues that grow in and around the wall of the uterus, or womb
• Gynecologic Cancers

  • Cervical cancer
  • Ovarian cancer
  • Uterine cancer
  • Vaginal cancer
  • Vulvar cancer
• Polysistic Ovarian Syndrome


  Happens when a woman's ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal. One result is that cysts (fluid-filled sacs) develop on the ovaries. Women who are obese are more likely to have PCOS. Women with PCOS are at increased risk of developing diabetes and heart disease
• Symptoms of Polysistic Ovarian Syndrome

  • Infertility
  • Pelvic pain
  • Excess hair growth on the face, chest, stomach, thumbs, or toes
  • Baldness or thinning hair
  • Acne, oily skin, or dandruff
  • Patches of thickened dark brown or black skin
• Endocrine System


  Made up of a group of organs called endocrine glands. A gland is the smallest living unit in the body that produces and releases a chemical substance called hormones
• Role of Endocrine System


  • Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate daily activities of the body and control its overall development
  • Also known as a "system of checks and balances" that works to keep the body system healthy
  • It is similar to a thermostat (temperature regulator) because it may turn on when the temperature is below normal and may turn off when the temperature is above normal
  • It affects energy level, physical appearance, and the ability to produce offspring
• Nervous System


  Uses nerve cells called neurons to send signals, or messages, all over your body. These electrical signals travel among your brain, skin, organs, glands, and muscles. The messages help you move your limbs and feel sensations, like pain
• Control Systems in the Body

  • Sensors – receptors which are responsible for gathering information about the condition inside and outside of the body
  • Control Centers – it is the brain that receives the information from the sensor. It then examines the information in the ideal values in which the body functions well
  • Communicating System – they carry the information in all parts of the body. Through nerve impulses and hormones, it dictates the target cell or organs in the body on how to respond to internal and external changes
  • Targets – any organ, tissue, or cell which is responsible to the changes in the activity of the body in response to the message received
• Mutation


  A change that occurs in our DNA sequence during cell division
• Causes of mutations


  • Mistakes when the DNA is copied
  • Environmental factors
  • UV light
  • Exposure to ionizing radiation
  • Exposure to chemicals
  • Cigarette smoke
  • Infection by viruses
• Somatic mutation


  Mutation in somatic cells, occurs in non-reproductive cells and will not be passed on to the offspring
• Germinal mutation


  Alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the DNA that makes up a gene, the germ cells give rise to the sex cells that will carry the mutations and can be passed on to the next generation