NETWORKING

• Wired Medium


  • UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
  • STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
• UTP


  • Unshielded Twisted Pair
• STP


  • Shielded Twisted Pair
• Wireless Medium


  • Infrared
  • Bluetooth
  • WiFi
• Types of Area Network

  • PAN (Personal Area Network)
  • LAN (Local Area Network)
  • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
  • WAN (Wide Area Network)
• PAN (Personal Area Network)


  Personal technology devices to communicate over a short distance, up to 10 m or 33ft
• PAN


  • Can be set up easily and quickly
  • Uses wireless tech, eliminates the need for wires and cables
• PAN


  • Limited coverage area
  • May experience interference from other wireless devices
• LAN (Local Area Network)


  Communication and devices are connected by a switch, covers a smaller area, privately owned, range up to 2km
• LAN


  • Easy to set up and manage
  • Provides fast data transfer rates and high-speed communication
• LAN


  • Limited geographical coverage
  • Limited scalability
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)


  Covers a larger area than LAN, 5-50km
• MAN


  • Can be used as an ISP for multiple customers
  • Provides high-speed connectivity over a larger area than LAN
• MAN


  • Can be expensive to setup and maintain
  • May have limited fault tolerance and security compared to LANs
• WAN (Wide Area Network)

  Covers a large area, might be within the bounds of a state or country, above 50km
• WAN


  • Provides connectivity to the internet
  • Offers remote access to resources and applications
• WAN


  • Can be expensive to setup and maintain
  • Offers slower data transfer rates than LAN or MAN
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model Layers

  • Application Layer
  • Presentation Layer
  • Session Layer
  • Transport Layer
  • Network Layer
  • Data Link Layer
  • Physical Layer
• Application Layer


  Serves as USER INTERFACE
• Presentation Layer


  • Collected data will be converted into machine language
  • Handles encryption and decryption
• Session Layer


  Encapsulate data to avoid data lost
• Transport Layer


  Transferring data across the network
• Network Layer


  Address (Source IP Address/Destination IP address) selecting the appropriate routes
• Data Link Layer


  Informing user about data/link data from sender to receiver
• Physical Layer


  Physical network like cable
• IPv4


  Internet Protocol version four
• IPv4 was the primary version for production within the ARPANET in 1983
• IPv4 address


  33 bit integers, decimal notation
• Parts of IPv4


  • Network part
  • Host part
  • Subnet number
• Network part


  Distinctive variety that's appointed to the network
• Host part

  Uniquely identifies the machine on your network
• Subnet number


  Non obligatory part of IPv4
• Class A


  • Contains a large number of hosts
  • Network ID is 8 bits long, first one is always 0 (7 bit)
  • Host ID is 24 bits
• Class B


  • Medium sized to large sized networks
  • Net ID is 16 bits long
  • Host ID is 16 bits long
  • First octet is set to 1,0
  • Total of 16384 network address
  • 65534 host address
• Class C


  • Small sized networks
  • Net ID is 24 bits long
  • Host ID is 8 bits long
  • First octet is set to 1,1,0
  • Total of 2,097,152 network address
  • 254 host address
• Class D


  • Multicasting
  • First octet is always set to 1,1,1,0
• Class E


  • Reserved for experimental and research purposes
  • First octet set to 1,1,1,1
• Class A network ID is 126