geography paper 1

• Natural Hazard


  A natural hazard is a natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy proprty or posesions.
• Natural disaster


  A natural hzard that has actualy happened
• Geological hazards


  Caused by kand and tectonic processes
• Meteorological hazards


  Caused by weather and climate
• Factors affecting hazard risk

  Urbanisation, poverty, development, climate change
• Tectonic plates


  Slabs of the Earth's crust
• Continental crust


  thicker and less dense
• Oceanic crust


  thinner and more dense
• Tectonic plate movement


  caused by convection currents underneath the Earth's crust
• Destructive plate


  Two plates moving towards one another, oceanic plate subducts under continental plate and friction causes melting of oceanic plate, triggers earthquake

  
• Constructive plates


  Two plates move apart, magma forces way along gap and causes earthquake, erupted lava cools and forms volcano

  
• Conservative plate


  Two plates moving alongside, friction can send shockwaves causing earthquakes

  
• Earthquake causes


  two plates 'jerking' past each other
• the focus


  the point in the Earth the earthquake starts
• Epicentre


  the point on the Earth' surface straight above the focus
• Where are volcanoes found

  At destructive and constructive plate marhgins
• Where are earthquakes found

  At all three types of plate margin
• Earthquake Primary effects


  buildings and bridges collapse

  people are injured or killed

  Roads are destroyed
• Earthquake Secondary effects


  Can trigger landslides, tsunamis = destruction

  homeless can die from the cold

  Leaking gas can start fires
• Earthquake Immediate responses


  Rescue people trapped by collapsed buildings and treat injured people

  Recover dead bodies to prevent spread of disease

  Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers, supplies , equipment or financial donations to the areas affected
• Earthquake Long term responses


  Re-house people who have lost their homes

  Repair or rebuild damaged buildings, roads, railways and bridges.

  Reconnect broken electricity, water, gas, communication connections
• Volcanoes Primary effects


  Buildings and roads are destroyed by lava flows and pyroclastic flows.

  Buildings may also collapse if enough ash falls onto them.

  People & animals are injured/killed by pyroclastic flows, lava,falling rocks
• Volcanoes Secondary effects


  Mudflows form when volcanic material is mixed with water and landslides cause destruction, death & injury.

  Tourism can be disrupted straight after and the eruption - but often it can increase afterwards with tourists interested in seeing volcanoes

  Ash makes fields more fertile once it's broken down
• Volcanoes Immediate responses


  Evacuate people before the eruption if it was predicted or evacuate as soon as possible after direction starts

  Provide temporary supplies of electricity gas and communication systems if regular supplies have been damaged

  Foreign governments or charities may send aid workers supplies equipment or financial donations to areas affected
• Volcanoes Long term responses

  Repair and rebuild if possible or resettle affected people elsewhere.

  Repair and reconnect damaged infrastructure (roads, rail, power lines and communication networks etc)

  Improve, repair and update monitoring / evacuation plans
• L'Aquila Italy HIC earthquake

  On the 6th april 2009 a 6.3 earthquake struck L'aquila.

  PE - Around 300 deaths mostly from collapsed buildings 1500 people were injured, 60,000 homeless.

  SE -Aftershocks hampered rescue efforts and caused damage. Fires in some collapsed buildings caused damaged IR - Ambulances, fire engines, army were sent to attempt to rescue survivors. Cranes and diggers were used.

  LTR - New settlements were built to accommodate over 20,000 residents that used to live in the damaged city centre. Most of the city centre is being rebuilt.
• Ghorka Nepal LIC earthquake

  On the 25th April 2015 a 7.8 struck Ghorka Nepal

  PE - Around 9,000 deaths, mostly from collapsed buildings Tens of thousands of people were injured, 1,000,000 homeless. SE - Triggered an avalanche on Mt Everest killing 13. Tourism stunted which was a good source of income for the country. rice fields destroyed which was their primary food supply IR - Uk £5 million on resources to help immediately, 135,000 people given immediate aid such as supplies and shelter LTR - rehousing schemes, internationally more than 255,000 people helped
• Why people live near tectonic hazards

  They have always lived there / They are employed in the area. /The soil around volcanoes is fertile as it's full of minerals makes it good for growing crops, attracting farmers / Volcanoes are tourist attractions.
• managment strategies


  Monitoring , Prediction, Protection, Planning
• monitoring


  seismometers and lasers to monitor earth movements can be used in early warning systems. scientists can use tell tale signs that come before a natural hazard
• prediction


  predictions aren't reliable but by monitoring the movement of tectonic plates they can forecast which areas will be affected, if it is predicted areas can be evacuated saving lives
• protection


  buildings can be designed to withstand an earthquake by using reinforced concrete or with foundations that absorb the energy, buildings can be strengthened, auto shut off switches to electricity water and gas to prevent fires
• planning


  emergency services trained for the event, educate people so they know what to do, plan evacuation routes, stockpile emergency supplies
• Tropical storms


  Tropical storms develop when the sea temperature. Is 27* or higher and when the wind shear between higher and lower parts of the atmosphere is low. Warm, moist air rises and condensation occurs. This releases huge amounts of energy which makes the storm powerful. The rising air creates an area of low pressure, which increases surface winds. Tropical storms move towards

  the west.
• features of a tropical storm

  Tropical storms are circular in shape , hundreds of km wide and usually last 7-14 days. They spin counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

  
• Tropical storm Primary effects


  Buildings and bridges are destroyed

  Rivers and coastal areas flooded

  People drown, or are injured / killed by debris
• Tropical storm Secondary effects

  People are left homeless, which can cause distress, poverty, ill health or death due to lack of shelter. There is a shortage of clean water and lack of proper sanitation- this makes it easier for diseases to spread.

  Business are damaged or destroyed causing unemployment.
• Tropical storm Immediate responses

  Evacuate people before the storm arrives

  Rescue people that have been cut off by flooding and treat injured
• Tropical storm Long term responses


  Repair homes or rehouse people that have been displaced

  Repair or replace damaged infrastructure.Repair and improve flood defence systems e.g levees and flood gates
• Typhoon Haiyan


  Typhoon Haiyan struck The Phillipines in south-east Asia in November 2013. category 5 storm one of the strongest recorded with 313km/h winds

  PE - More than 7000 people were killed, 1.9 million made homeless, 30,000 fishing boats destroyed.

  SE -, 6 million lost there jobs there were no fishing boats which is generally the main source of income in a family,

  IR - essential supplies provided to over 800,000 people

  LTR - reparations costing £4.55 billion