Cells

Cards (84)

  • Key eukaryotic cell organelles
    • Nucleus
    • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Lysosomes
    • Mitochondria
    • Ribosomes
    • Vacuole
    • Chloroplasts
    • Cell wall
    • Plasma membrane
  • Nucleus
    Where DNA replication occurs and mRNA is made, contains the genetic code
  • Nucleolus
    Site of rRNA production and ribosome assembly
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

    Site of protein synthesis due to ribosomes on the outside
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
    Site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage
  • Golgi apparatus
    Modifies, packages and distributes molecules like glycoproteins, secretory enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids
  • Lysosomes
    Bags of digestive enzymes involved in phagocytosis and exocytosis
  • Mitochondria
    Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
  • Ribosomes
    Site of protein synthesis, found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • Vacuole
    Fluid-filled structure that provides support and stores substances in plant cells
  • Chloroplasts
    Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
  • Cell wall
    Provides structural strength and prevents bursting in plant and fungal cells
  • Plasma membrane
    Controls what can enter and exit the cell
  • Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    • Prokaryotes are much smaller
    • Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles
    • Prokaryotes have a single loop of DNA
    • Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes
    • Prokaryotes have a cell wall
    • Prokaryotes may have plasmids and flagella
  • Viruses
    Acellular and non-living, consist of genetic material, capsid, and attachment proteins, replicate inside host cells
  • Methods of studying cells
    • Microscopes (optical and electron)
    • Cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation
  • Magnification
    How many times larger the image is compared to the object
  • Resolution
    Minimum distance between two objects where they can still be viewed as separate
  • Cell fractionation
    1. Homogenization to break open cells
    2. Ultracentrifugation to isolate organelles by density
  • Cell fractionation requires cold, isotonic, buffered conditions
  • Order of organelle isolation by density

    • Nuclei
    • Chloroplasts and mitochondria
    • Lysosomes and ER
    • Ribosomes
  • Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis, prokaryotic cells replicate by binary fission, viruses replicate inside host cells
  • Cell cycle

    Includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
  • Mitosis
    1. Prophase
    2. Metaphase
    3. Anaphase
    4. Telophase
  • Mitosis produces genetically identical cells in a single round of division
  • Host cell
    The cell that uses the genetic material to replicate the virus particle
  • Eukaryotic cell cycle
    1. Interphase
    2. Mitosis
  • Interphase
    The longest stage of the cell cycle, includes G1, S, and G2
  • G1
    Cell increases in size, organelles double
  • S phase

    DNA replication happens
  • G2
    Further growth, preparation for mitosis, error check stage
  • Nuclear division
    Mitosis or meiosis
  • Cytokinesis
    Cytoplasm divides to create two new cells
  • Mitosis
    • Only one round of division
    • Genetically identical cells are created
    • Cells are diploid (two copies of every chromosome)
    • Used for growth and repair
  • Clonal expansion of B cells is an example of growth through mitosis
  • Prophase
    1. Chromosomes condense and become visible
    2. Centrioles move to opposite poles, create spindle fibers
  • Metaphase
    1. Chromosomes line up along the equator
    2. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and chromatids
  • Anaphase
    Spindle fibers retract, pulling chromatids to opposite poles
  • Telophase
    1. Chromosomes at poles become longer and thinner
    2. Spindle fibers disintegrate
    3. Nucleus reforms
  • Mitotic index

    Percentage of cells in a population undergoing mitosis