Save
My Biology
Paper 1
Cells
Save
Share
Learn
Content
Leaderboard
Learn
Created by
Bee <3
Visit profile
Cards (84)
Key eukaryotic cell organelles
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Plasma
membrane
Nucleus
Where
DNA replication
occurs and mRNA is made, contains the
genetic
code
Nucleolus
Site of
rRNA
production and
ribosome
assembly
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (
RER
)
Site of
protein synthesis
due to
ribosomes
on the outside
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Site of
lipid
and
carbohydrate
synthesis and storage
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, packages and distributes molecules like glycoproteins,
secretory enzymes
, carbohydrates,
lipids
Lysosomes
Bags of digestive enzymes involved in
phagocytosis
and
exocytosis
Mitochondria
Site of
aerobic
respiration and
ATP
production
Ribosomes
Site of
protein synthesis
, found in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
cells
Vacuole
Fluid-filled structure that provides
support
and
stores
substances in plant cells
Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
in
plant
cells
Cell wall
Provides
structural strength
and prevents
bursting
in plant and fungal cells
Plasma membrane
Controls what can
enter
and
exit
the cell
Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes are much
smaller
Prokaryotes lack
membrane-bound
organelles
Prokaryotes have a
single
loop of DNA
Prokaryotes have
70S
ribosomes
Prokaryotes have a
cell wall
Prokaryotes may have
plasmids
and
flagella
Viruses
Acellular and non-living, consist of genetic material,
capsid
, and
attachment
proteins, replicate inside host cells
Methods of studying cells
Microscopes
(optical and electron)
Cell
fractionation
and
ultracentrifugation
Magnification
How many times
larger
the image is
compared
to the object
Resolution
Minimum distance
between
two objects
where they can still be viewed as separate
Cell fractionation
1.
Homogenization
to break open cells
2.
Ultracentrifugation
to isolate organelles by
density
Cell
fractionation
requires
cold
, isotonic, buffered conditions
Order
of organelle isolation by density
Nuclei
Chloroplasts
and
mitochondria
Lysosomes
and
ER
Ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis or meiosis, prokaryotic cells replicate by
binary fission
,
viruses
replicate inside host cells
Cell
cycle
Includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and
cell
division (mitosis or meiosis)
Mitosis
1.
Prophase
2.
Metaphase
3.
Anaphase
4.
Telophase
Mitosis
produces
genetically identical
cells in a single round of division
Host cell
The cell that uses the
genetic
material to
replicate
the virus particle
Eukaryotic cell cycle
1.
Interphase
2.
Mitosis
Interphase
The longest stage of the cell cycle, includes
G1
, S, and
G2
G1
Cell
increases
in size, organelles
double
S
phase
DNA
replication happens
G2
Further
growth
, preparation for
mitosis
, error check stage
Nuclear division
Mitosis
or
meiosis
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm
divides to create
two
new cells
Mitosis
Only
one
round of division
Genetically identical
cells are created
Cells are
diploid
(two copies of every chromosome)
Used for
growth
and
repair
Clonal expansion of
B
cells is an example of growth through
mitosis
Prophase
1.
Chromosomes
condense and become
visible
2. Centrioles move to
opposite
poles, create
spindle fibers
Metaphase
1. Chromosomes line up along the equator
2. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and chromatids
Anaphase
Spindle fibers retract, pulling
chromatids
to
opposite poles
Telophase
1.
Chromosomes
at poles become
longer
and thinner
2.
Spindle fibers
disintegrate
3.
Nucleus
reforms
Mitotic
index
Percentage of cells in a population undergoing
mitosis
See all 84 cards