lec8

• Construction method


  Essential for civil engineers; utilizing it appropriately can help to achieve the desired results
• Building


  The creation of physical structures such as buildings, bridges or railways
• Types of buildings


  • Residential
  • Other (not specified)
• Construction methods


  • Procedures and techniques utilized during construction
  • Generally classified according to specialized fields (e.g. site preparation, earthmoving, foundation, steel erection, concrete, asphalt, electrical, mechanical)
• Construction methods


  Building practices professionals use when creating houses, offices and other buildings
• Factors that influence the construction method used include costs, materials available, expertise of construction team, and building location
• Residential building construction


  Goes through five main stages: foundations, formwork, scaffolding, concrete work, reinforcement
• Foundation


  Provides support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock with sufficient bearing capacity and settlement characteristics
• Types of foundation


  • Shallow
  • Deep
  • Raft/mat
  • Pile
  • Strip
• Factors influencing foundation construction method

  • Nature of load requiring support
  • Ground conditions
  • Presence of water
  • Space availability
  • Accessibility
  • Sensitivity to noise and vibration
• Shallow foundation


  Used where loads forced by a structure are low relative to bearing capacity of surface soils
• Deep foundation


  Needed where bearing capacity of surface soils is insufficient, so loads need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity
• Raft/mat foundation


  Slabs that cover a wide area, often the entire building footprint, suitable where ground conditions are too poor for individual strip or pad foundations
• Pile foundation

  Rectangular or circular pads used to support loads such as columns
• Strip foundation


  Provides a continuous line of support to a linear structure such as a wall; trench fill foundations are a variation
• Formwork


  Used to create a mold into which concrete is poured and solidified; can be made of wood, steel, fibre, plastics, etc.
• Formwork for beams


  Takes the form of a box that is supported and propped in the correct position and level; removal time varies with air temperature, humidity and curing rate
• Falsework


  Temporary structures used to support a permanent structure; require accurate calculation
• Bar bending


  Steel bar or mesh used in reinforced concrete and masonry structures to add tensile strength, while concrete is strong in compression
• Concrete


  Typically used in commercial buildings and civil engineering projects for its strength and durability; a mix of cement, water and aggregate
• Modern Methods of Construction (MMC)

  Construction methods developed with proper planning and design to reduce construction time, cost and maintain sustainability
• Types of Modern Methods of Construction

  • Precast Flat Panel System
  • Volumetric Construction
  • Flat Slab Construction
  • Precast Concrete Foundations
  • Insulating Concrete Formwork
  • Precast Cladding Panels
• Precast Flat Panel System

  Involves making floor and wall units off-site in separate factory outlets, then bringing them to site and placing them; best suited for repetitive construction
• Volumetric Construction


  Manufacture of 3D modular units off-site, then assembled on-site module by module
• Flat Slab Construction


  Structural elements that are highly versatile, providing minimum depth and faster construction with flexible column grids
• Precast Concrete Foundations


  Foundation elements constructed off-site in factory and assembled on-site; more suited for bespoke design
• Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF)

  System using twin-walled panels (e.g. polystyrene) as formwork to quickly create building walls
• Precast Cladding Panels


  Cladding system installed as a skin or layer over another material, not only for aesthetics but also to control weather infiltration