312 - Lec 7

• Chromium


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-EA, Non-Sport Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism of Action in Sport and EA Settings
  • Research Evidence in Support & Contrary to each EA's effect(s)

  
• Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)


  • Structure and Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism as an EA in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence

  
• Ribose


  • Structure and Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence
• Inosine


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence
• Choline


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence
• (—)-Hydroxycitrate


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence

  
• Pyruvate


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence

  
• Glycerol


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence

  
• Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT)


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence

  
• Carbohydrate Loading


  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence
• Internet Ergogenic Aid Resources

  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence
• Ergogenic Aids-Thoughts & Future Directions

  • Structure & Synthesis
  • Food Sources & Normal Use/Function in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Safe Rate of Intake/Consumption in Non-Sport, Non-EA Settings
  • Drug Test Value in Sport and EA Settings
  • Rate of EA Intake/Consumption & Risks/Hazards in Sport & EA Settings
  • Rationale & Purported Mechanism in Sport & EA Settings
  • Research Evidence

  
• BPK 312 Template for PCP Debates in Lec 6
• Ribose


  Carbohydrate sugar found in RNA
• Placebo


  An inactive substance given to a patient in a clinical trial to compare its effect with that of a real drug
• Overall, there is limited study of ribose with no consensus on its effects
• Oral ribose supplementation at 16 g /d doesn't beneficially impact muscle ATP recovery & muscle force/power output during repeated days of maximal intermittent exercise training
• Inosine


  Nucleic acid derivative; found in tRNA & is essential for protein synthesis
• Endogenous inosine


  Body synthesizes inosine from ribose + hypoxanthine
• Food sources of inosine

  • Brewer's yeast
  • Organ meats
• Normal use/function of inosine

  Helps form purines e.g. adenine as part of ATP
• RDA or AI for inosine not yet set
• Inosine is not on the WADA List of Prohibited Substances or Methods nor monitored with Athlete's Biological Passport (ABP)
• Rate of inosine intake in sport and exercise settings

  6000 mg/day for 2 days as a supplement
• Risks/hazards of inosine


  • Increases serum uric acid crystals by 2x with 5 days of supplementation, associated with gout
• Purported mechanisms of inosine in sport and exercise settings

  Increases ATP stores

  Increases 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) synthesis in erythrocytes facilitating O2 release from hemoglobin at tissue level

  Stimulates insulin release to increase rate of glucose delivery to myocardium

  Increases cardiac contractility

  Acts as a cardiac vasodilating agent
• 5 days of inosine supplement didn't increase aerobic cycling or power output in anaerobic Wingate test
• Choline


  Water-soluble amine from ammonium (NH4+); all animal tissues have choline
• Endogenous synthesis of choline

  From lecithin but also needed in diet to meet needs
• Food sources of choline

  • Egg yolks
  • Brewer's yeast
  • Dehydrated potatoes
  • Liver from beef, pork or lamb
  • Wheat germ
  • Soybeans
  • Oatmeal
  • Vegetables in cabbage or 'curcurbit' family
• Normal use/function of choline

  Functions as a main lipotropic agent as part of lecithin either to reduce accumulation of fat in liver or to increase fatty acid uptake by the liver

  Part of lecithin in lipoproteins & plasma membrane to enable fat & cholesterol transport (e.g. VLDL)

  Part of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
• Recommended intake of choline

  Males 19 to >70 years: 550 mg/day

  Females 19 to >70 years: 425 mg/day

  Upper Limit (UL) is 3.5 g/day
• Choline is not on the WADA List of Prohibited Substances or Methods, monitored with Athlete's Biological Passport (ABP) nor on NCAA or other athletic organization lists
• Rate of choline intake in sport and exercise settings


  Increased intake > 7.5 g/day
• Risks/hazards of choline


  • Decreased blood pressure, sweating, diarrhea, choline metabolite trimethylamine gives fishy body odor

  Inherited or acquired metabolic disorder trimethylaminuria with increased intake of choline from impaired/absent hepatic trimethylamine-N-oxide synthetase to convert smelly trimethylamine to un-smelly trimethylamine-N-oxide
• Purported mechanisms of choline in sport and exercise settings

  May give 'metabolic optimization' & 'fat-burning' for body builders

  Choline supplementation reportedly increases acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in neuromuscular junction

  May help maintain synthesis & increase ACh concentration in neuromuscular junction with progressive increase in exercise intensity
• Soldiers with heavy loads over long distances didn't deplete plasma choline nor benefit from choline supplements
• (−)-Hydroxycitrate (HCA)


  Derivative of citric acid found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia (aka Gambooge) & Hibiscus subdariffa (Rosette)
• Normal use/function of HCA

  Competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase that catalyzes breakdown of citrate to oxaloacetate & acetyl-CoA

  Supplement said to decrease fatty acid synthesis, increase hepatic glycogen synthesis & increase fat oxidation rate
• RDA or AI for HCA not yet set