STS

• Intellectual Revolutions


  Paradigm shifts through history that transform society
• Ancient civilizations


  • Discoveries and inventions were due to the NEEDS and WANTS of the people to make life easier
  • Simple, practical, and cultural
• Intellectual Revolution


  Science and technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs
• Copernican Revolution


  • Telescope of ancient civilization – tool used to answer people's curiosity
  • Caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe
  • Rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it)

  
• Darwinian Revolution


  • Brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever
  • Provided a different than the "theory of Creation"
  • Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution
  • Survival of the fittest

  
• Freudian Revolution


  • Started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud
  • Includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality
  • Includes his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage
• Information Age


  • Era in which technology has been prevalent
  • Also known as the Computer Age that has brought so much change on how are we living today
• Alan Turing


  • Invented Turing machine (computer) in 1936
• Technological advancements in the Information Age

  • Sumerian
  • Printing Press
  • Typewriter
  • Telegraph
  • INTERNET
• Aztec civilization


  • Military force
  • Chinampa – agricultural technique
  • Farming around small lakes
  • Aztec calendar, canoe
• Maya civilization


  • Astrology and culture - eg, use of Mayan calendar, planting and harvesting time, festive events
  • Cocoa beans as a currency
  • Religious rituals
  • Tlatchtli – ball game using rubber
• Inca civilization


  • Quipu – knot tying method which is their system of writing
  • Mita system – labor system
• Economic and scientific development in Asia

  • Iron and metallurgical works
• Medicine in Asia


  • Alchemy – Taoist chemistry
  • Ayurveda –India traditional medicine
  • Sushruta Samhita - father of Indian medicine
• Mathematics in Asia


  • Aryabhatiya – Indian mathematician (trigonometry)
• Political development in Asia

  • The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally
• Agriculture in the Middle East

  • Noria (improved watermill from Romans)
• Science and Math in the Middle East


  • Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham – father of modern optics (pinhole camera), mathematician (1-100 numbers)
  • Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī – algorithm and astronomy
• Science in Africa

  • Center of alchemy (chemical process of transforming substances to other substances usually metals (e.g. lead and copper to make silver and gold)
• Agriculture in Africa

  • Kola nuts and coffee beans as drinks