Geography (urban issues)

• The world's population is increasing
• Since the 1900s, the bigger the global population has become, the faster it has grown
• Global population growth since the year 1000


  • Figure 1
• Megacities

  • cities with over 10 million population
  • three types - Growing, slow growing, rapid growing
• Slow growing megacity

  • no squatter settlements
  • often in HICs
• Growing

  • Under 20% squatter settlements
  • often in NEEs (Rio etc)
• Rapid Growing

  • over 20% squatter settlements
  • often in NEEs + LICs
• Rio

  • Southwest brazil
  • 4 zones
• Rio (north zone)

  • international airport
  • squatter settlements
• Rio (Centro Zone)

  • CBD - CENRAL Business District
  • financial Centre
• Rio (Importance)

  • trade - a major port, international transport hub
  • tourism - Christ the Redeemer, 2016 Olympics
• Rio Challenge

  unemployment

  • 2015 Recession
  • (Favelas) 20% unemployment rate
  • most work in informal economy
• Rio unemployment solutions

  • ‘Schools Of Tomorrow‘
  • improve education
  • free childcare
• Rio challenge

  unemployment

  • powerful gangs in favelas
  • murder, kidnapping etc occur regularly
• Rio crime solutions

  • pacifying police units
• Rio challenges

  healthcare

  • 15,000 waiting list
  • service for elderly/pregnant people were poor
• Rio healthcare solutions

  • reduce infant mortality
  • help people in their homes
• Rio challenges

  water supply

  • 12% had running water
  • 37% lost through leaks + illegal access
• Rio water supply solutions

  • 7 treatment plants
  • 300 km new pipes
  • 95% had mains water (2014)
• Rio challenges

  energy

  • Frequent power cuts
  • illegal tapping of electricity
• Rio energy solutions

  • 60km new power lines
  • nuclear generator built
• Rio Challenge

  education

  • 1/2 children continue education post 14
  • shortage of schools
  • shortage of teachers
  • lack of money to fund schools
• Rio education solutions

  • poor families receive grants
  • private uni opened in Rocinha
• Rios industries

  • provide 6+% brazils employment
  • economic opportunities developed in formal economy
• Types of employment (Rio)

  • retail
  • tourism
  • manufacturing
  • port industries
• why have favelas grown in rio ?

  • high housing costs
• Rio favela challenges

  construction

  • basic materials used for houses
  • houses built on slopes, heavy rainfall can cause lanslides
• Rio favelas challenges

  unemployment

  • 20% unemployment rates
  • less than £75 a month - average income
• Rio favela challenges

  crime

  • murder rate of 20% per 1000 people
  • drug gangs
• Rio favelas challenges

  services

  • 12% of homes have no running water
  • 30% no electricity
  • 50% no sewage connections
• Rio favelas challenges

  health

  • waste isn't disposed of
  • 50% per 1000 infant mortality rate
• Rio Pollution

  Air Pollution - challenge

  • causes around 5000 deaths each year
• Rio Pollution

  Air Pollution - solution

  • expand metro system
• Rio Pollution

  Traffic Congestion - challenges

  • more cars on the roads
  • steep mountains limit routes
  • high crime rates make people want to drive
• Rio Pollution

  Traffic congestion - solutions

  • make coastal roads one way during rush hour
• Rio pollution

  Water pollution - challenges

  • Guanabara bay is highly polluted
  • rivers are polluted as a result of open sewage systems
• Rio Pollution

  water pollution - solutions

  • 12 new storage works built since 2004
• Rio Pollution

  Waste pollution - challenge

  • waste is dumped and pollutes/contaminates water
• Rio Pollution

  Waste pollution - solutions

  • power plants to collect 30 tonnes of rubbish everyday have been set up
• Favela Barrio Project

  what did it do ?

  • paved roads
  • improved sanitation
  • access to water supply
  • cable car system
  • police pacifying unit