ucsp

• Anthropology


  The study of humankind in all times and all places, including human origin, globalization, social change, and world history
• Goals of Anthropology


  • Discover what makes people different from one another in order to understand and preserve diversity
  • Discover what all people have in common
  • Look at one's own culture more objectively like an outsider
  • Produce new knowledge and new theories about humankind and human behavior
• Fields of Anthropology


  • Cultural Anthropology
  • Linguistic Anthropology
  • Archaeology
  • Biological Anthropology
• Sociology


  The systematic study of groups and societies that people build and how these affect their behavior
• Sociology was coined by August Comte, who was regarded as the "Father of Sociology"
• What the scientific study of Sociology enables us to do


  • Obtain possible theories and principles about society as well as various aspects of social life
  • Critically study the nature of humanity, which also leads to examining our roles within the society
  • Appreciate that all things (in society) are interdependent with each other
  • Broaden our familiarity on sociological facts, which are acquired through empirical process
  • Expose our minds to the different perspectives on attaining the truth
• Branches of Sociology


  • Social Organization
  • Social Psychology
  • Applied Sociology
  • Population Studies
  • Human Ecology
  • Sociological Theory and Research
  • Social Change
• Political Science


  The academic discipline that deals with the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behaviors
• Politics


  The art and science of governing city/state, the social process or strategy in any position of control which people gain, use, or lose power
• Government


  The agency to which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out, the organized agency in a state tasked to impose social control, a group of people that governs a community or unit
• The government exists for the benefit of the governed, not for the government officials to benefit from the people
• State


  A community of persons more or less numerous permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control
• Nation


  An ethnic concept which means that people are bound together by common ethnical elements such as race, language, and culture
• Hunting and Gathering Society


  During the Paleolithic Period, people were nomads living in small societies of 20-30 members, depending primarily on wild food for subsistence through hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering
• Hunting and Gathering Society

  • Kin groups are nuclear and extended families
  • Economic institutions are not very complex
  • Possessions are limited due to nomadic lifestyle
  • Work divided between men and women
  • Developed simple tools
• Hunting and Gathering Society transitioned to cultivating crops and domesticating animals around 10,000 BCE
• Horticultural Society


  People use hoes and simple tools to raise crops
• Pastoral Society


  People raise and herd domesticated animals as their major food source and for transportation
• Horticultural and Pastoral Societies


  • Establish permanent settlements
  • Division of work between men and women, with women's status declining
  • Produce food surpluses that allow for trade
  • Greater inequality in terms of gender and wealth
• Horticultural and Pastoral Societies


  • Greater conflict due to disputes over land and animals
  • Societies run by Council of Elders or single chief elder
  • Social class divisions develop based on occupation
• Agricultural Society


  Developed around 5,000 years ago with the invention of the plow, wheel, written language, and numbers
• Agricultural Society


  • Produce large food surpluses leading to extensive trade and unprecedented inequality
  • Greater gender inequality due to physically demanding field work
• Industrial Society


  Emerged in the 1700s with the development of machines and factories replacing agricultural equipment
• Industrial Society


  • Technological advances improve health and life spans
  • Greater individualism and political freedom
  • Lower economic and gender inequality
  • Rise of large cities with concentrated poverty and urban violence
• Post-Industrial Society


  Information technology and service jobs replace machines and manufacturing as the primary economic activities
• Post-Industrial Society


  • Shift from factory work to work with wireless technology
  • Potential to aggravate disparities between "haves" and "have-nots" due to need for higher education
• Gemeinschaft Society


  Primarily villages where everyone knows each other, with life-long relationships based on kinship
• Gesellschaft Society


  Modernized, with people having little in common and short-term relationships based on self-interest
• Hunting and Gathering Society

  During the Paleolithic Period, people were nomads who depended primarily on wild food for subsistence. Their strategies included hunting/trapping wild animals, fishing, gathering shellfish, insects, and wild plant foods.
• Hunting and Gathering Society

  • Small societies of 20-30 members
  • Kin groups were nuclear and extended families
  • Economic institutions were not very complex
  • Possessed simple technology and a nomadic way of life
  • Work divided between men and women
• Horticultural Society


  People use hoe and simple hand tools to raise crops
• Pastoral Society


  People raise and herd domesticated animals as their major source of food and means of transportation
• Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

  • Established permanent settlements
  • Greater inequality in terms of gender and wealth
  • Greater conflict due to differences in wealth
• Agricultural Society


  Developed around 5,000 years ago with the invention of the plow, wheel, written language, and numbers. Produced large food surpluses leading to extensive trade and inequality.
• Agricultural Society


  • Gender inequality became very pronounced
  • Conflict increased, both internal and external
• Industrial Society


  Emerged in the 1700s with the development of machines and factories, replacing the plow and other agricultural equipment
• Industrial Society


  • Technological advances improved health and life spans
  • Greater emphasis on individualism and political freedom
  • Lower economic and gender inequality
  • Rise of large cities and concentrated poverty
• Post-Industrial Society


  Information technology and service jobs have replaced machines and manufacturing as the primary dimension of the economy
• Post-Industrial Society


  • Disparities between "haves" and "have-nots" may increase as those without college education struggle to find employment
  • Transformation of workplaces from cities to homes due to new communications technology
• Sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies divided societies into Gemeinschaft (village-based with life-long relationships) and Gesellschaft (modernized with short-term, self-interested relationships)