3I'S | LECTURE 01

• L1 | 1.0. DEFINITION & DESCRIPTION

  • POLIT & BECK, 2004 - It follows a step-by-step process of investigation that uses a standardized approach.
• L1 | 1.0. DEFINITION & DESCRIPTION

  • PALISPIS, 2004 - It plays an important role in tertiary education. Though there are many problems confronted by higher education, development are realized through research.
• L1 | 1.0. DEFINITION & DESCRIPTION

  • SANCHEZ, 1999 - It is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a discovery of new information or concepts.
• L1 | 1.0. DEFINITION & DESCRIPTION

  • BASSEY, AS CITED BY COLEMAN & BRIGGS, 2002 - It is a very careful investigation of something that supports the contributions of additional or new knowledge.
• L1 | 1.0. DEFINITION & DESCRIPTION

  • CRAWFORD, AS CITED BY ALCANTARA & ESPINA, 1995 - It tests approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps.
• L1 | 1.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH

  • It should be systematic
  • It should be feasible
  • It should be empirical
  • It should be clear
• L1 | 1.3. GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH

  • Scientific - Naturally occurring phenomena are examine. It is a systematic process that involves formulating hypothesis, testing predictions using relevant data.
• L1 | 1.3. GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH

  • Research in the Humanities - Seeks to define the purpose of human existence.
• L1 | 1.3. GENERAL FORMS OF RESEARCH

  • Artistic - Provides alternative approaches to establish concepts by conducting practical methods as substitutes for fundamental and theoretical ones.
• L1 | 2.2. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE STUDY

  • Phenomenological study - Lived experience
• L1 | 2.2. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE STUDY

  • Ethnographic study - Cultural groups or minorities.
• L1 | 2.2. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE STUDY

  • Case study - In depth examination of an individual, groups of people, or an institution.
• L1 | 2.2. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE STUDY

  • Grounded theory - Comparing collected units of data against one another.
• L1 | 2.2. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE STUDY

  • Basic interpretative qualitative study - How individuals give meanings (Perception-based)
• L1 | 2.3. QUALITATIVE PROS & CONS

  1. STRENGTH

  • Useful to conduct limited in-depth case studies or interviews.
  • Useful for describing complex phenomena.
  • Useful for a specific environment, context and condition
  • Include researcher and people's personal experience of phenomena
  • Research is more dynamic and flexible
  • Research findings in words and narrative could explain the phenomena better and more in-depth.
• L1 | 2.3. QUALITATIVE PROS & CONS

  1. WEAKNESS

  • Research findings might not be general and it applies to specific context.
  • Insufficient research data to text hypotheses and build theory.
  • Data collection and analyze could be time consuming.
  • Data collection and analysis could be resource intensive.
  • Research results are easily influenced by the researcher's personal biases.
• L1 | 3.0. QUANTITATIVE STUDY

  • A systematic investigation of observable phenomena where the researcher gathers quantitative or numerical data and subjects them to statistical methods.
• L1 | 2.0. QUALITATIVE STUDY

  • Defined as the naturalistic method of inquiry of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by exploring it directly (Polit and Beck, 2008)
• L1 | 3.2. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE STUDY

  • Descriptive - Report and observe certain phenomenon.
• L1 | 3.2. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE STUDY

  • Correlational - It shows relationship of the variables.
• L1 | 3.2. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE STUDY

  • Ex-post Facto - It shows causes to effect.
• L1 | 3.2. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE STUDY

  • Quasi Experimental - Cause and effect that go with intact groups.
• L1 | 3.2. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE STUDY

  • Experimental - Cause and effect that proceed to extensive variable manipulation.
• L1 | 3.3 QUANTITATIVE PROS & CONS

  1. STRENGTH

  • Easy to implement the research (surveys & questionnaires)
  • Relatively quick to gather research data.
  • Provides precise and numerical research data.
  • Useful for large sampling size.
  • Relatively faster to analyze research data (SPSS )
  • Easier to interpret research data.
• L1 | 3.3 QUANTITATIVE PROS & CONS

  1. WEAKNESSES

  • Researcher's theory and hypothesis might not reflect real phenomena.
  • Research data gathered could be too general research results might not in-depth.
  • Research results could be bias as researcher is verifying his/her pre-determined theory and hypotheses instead of building them from the research findings.
• 3.3. QUANTITATIVE PROS & CONS

  • SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Science - one of the most-used statistical analysis tools/software program in research, particularly in the social sciences.
• L1 | 4.0. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

  • Knowledge Acquisition and Expansion:
  • Enhances knowledge
  • Introduces new ideas
  • Provides the latest information
  • Expands your knowledge base
• L1 | 4.0. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

  1. Credibility and Truthfulness:

  • Builds credibility
  • Provides truthful evidence
  • Helps in understanding issues
  • Teaches discernment
• L1 | 4.0. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

  1. Practical Applications:

  • Helps in business success
  • Finding solutions to problems
  • Developing new technologies
  • Discovering and seizing opportunities
• L1 | 4.0. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

  1. Personal Development and Growth:

  • Enables efficient learning
  • Encourages curiosity
  • Exercises your mind
  • Focuses your scope
• L1 | 4.0. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

  1. Communication and Impact:

  • Helps you reach people