Industrial Revolution

• Industrial Revolution

  • Started in England and spread throughout Europe and America
  • Period of change from and agrarian, handicraft economy to industry and machine manufacture
  • Made it possible to embellish buildings like never before
• Industrialization involved three important developments:

  • Transportation
  • Electricity
  • Industrial process accelerated production
• Industrialization impact on architecture

  • Steel, glass, iron and concrete created structures of unimaginable size, form and function like skyscrapers, bridges, roads
  • New inventions like elevators, escalators, air-conditioning system and lighting
• Severn River Bridge

  • By Abraham Darby
  • World’s first arch iron bridge

  
• Clifton Suspension Bridge

  • By Isambard Brunel
  • One of the oldest surviving iron suspension bridges in the world

  
• Royal Albert Bridge

  • By Isambard Brunel
  • Unique lenticular truss railway bridge

  
• Brooklyn Bridge

  • By John Augustus Roebling
  • First bridge to use steel for cable wire

  
• The Royal Pavilion

  • By John Nash
  • Has superimposed cast iron frame

  
• Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve

  • By Henri Labrouste
  • First non-utilitarian building to show exposed metalwork

  
• Crystal Palace

  • By Joseph Paxton
  • Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851
  • Prefab steel and glass

  
• St. Pancras Station

  • By William Henry Barlow
  • Largest single-span roof in the world at that time
  • Facade was designed by George Gilbert Scott

  
• Galleria Vittorio Emmanuel II (Milan Galleria)

  • By Giuseppe Mengoni
  • Magnificent shopping arcade in Milan in glass and iron

  
• SoHo District

  • Has the greatest collection of 250 cast-iron architecture in the world

  
• Flatiron Building

  • One of New York's first skyscrapers
  • First steel-skeleton structure whose construction was visible to the public
  • Designed by Daniel Burnham

  
• E.V. Haughwout Building

  • By John Gaynor
  • In cast iron
  • The world’s first building to install a hydraulic type passenger elevator powered by steam engine, designed by Elisha Otis

  
• Home Insurance Building

  • By William LeBaron Jenney
  • World’s first skyscraper at 10 storeys high
  • Steel frame with exterior brick finish

  
• Eiffel Tower

  • By Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Exposition Universelle
  • Built in pre-fabricated iron

  
• Ingalls Building

  • By Elzner and Anderson Architects
  • World’s first reinforced concrete skyscraper

  
• Salginatobel Bridge

  • By Swiss engineer Robert Maillart
  • First reinforced concrete arch bridge in the world

  
• Parabolic Airship Hangar

  • By Eugene Freyssinet in prestressed concrete
  • Concept is to create a long span for an unobstructed space