UCSP 2ND GRAD

• A state institution refers to an organization or entity that is established and operated by the government of a country
• The government refers to the system of governance and the institutions that exercise political authority, administer public affairs, and provide public services in the country.
• The government of the Philippines operates under a democratic framework as outlined in its Constitution
• The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is equally divided among its branches
• Executive Branch: This branch is headed by the President and includes the Cabinet, which consists of various department secretaries and heads of executive agencies. The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws, formulating policies, and managing the day-to-day administration of the country
• Legislative Branch: The legislative branch is

  composed of the Congress of the Philippines, which

  consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of

  Representatives. Congress is responsible for enacting

  laws, passing budgets, and exercising oversight over the

  executive branch.
• Judicial Branch: It is responsible for interpreting laws, resolving disputes, and ensuring the fair and impartial administration of justice. The highest court in the country is the Supreme Court, which is composed of justices appointed by the President
• nonstate institutions or actors are broadly defined as actors who are largely or completely autonomous from the state, emanating from civil society, market economy, or political opportunities
• Banks - financial institutions licensed to receive deposits and make loans
• Commercial banks are typically concerned with managing withdrawals and receiving deposits as well as supplying short-term loans to individuals and small businesses. Consumers primarily use these banks for basic checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit (CDs), and home mortgages
• Investment banks focus on providing corporate clients with services such as financial intermediation, underwriting, and assisting with mergers and acquisitions.
• Central banks are chiefly responsible for currency stability, controlling inflation and monetary policy, and overseeing money supply.
• A corporation is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. Corporations enjoy most of the rights and responsibilities that individuals possess: they can enter contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, own assets and pay taxes. Some refer to it as a "legal person.
• COOPERATIVES • is a duly registered association of persons with a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a lawful common social or economic end.
• LABOR UNIONS - also called TRADE UNIONS, is an organization that represents the collective interests of workers. The labor union helps workers unite to negotiate with employers over wages, hours, benefits, and other working conditions.
• ADVOCACY GROUPS - is an organization whose members share a common political, economic, or social interest and try to advance those interests through the political process.
• TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS are advocacy groups which have a presence throughout the world.
• DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES - organizations dedicated to distributing aid. Aids from these agencies can be classified into two: humanitarian (emergency relief efforts, etc.) and development aid (foreign aid).
• INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS - refer to an entity created by treaty, involving two or more nations, to work in good faith, on issues of common interest
• Education refers to the process of transmitting the belief, knowledge and skills from one generation to the next.
• According to Article 26 of the United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (UNUDHR), “EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION”
• Article XIV of the 1987 Philippine Constitution highlights the importance of education
• Social stratification is an existing system in the society that ranks or categorizes individuals in a hierarchy.
• Social classes are a group of people who share generally the same rank, position, and control and who have a sense of classification with one another
• In a closed class system, you are stuck at your level
• CASTE SYSTEM – is a system of stratification that is based on ascription or from birth.
• Brahmana (now more commonly spelled Brahmin): Consist of those engaged in scriptural education and teaching, essential for the continuation of knowledge.
• Kshatriya: Take on all forms of public service, including administration, maintenance of law and order, and defense
• Vaishya: Engage in commercial activity as businessmen.
• Shudra: Work as semi-skilled and unskilled laborers. Although the caste system has been outlawed in India,
• Dalit "untouchable" - lowest rank outside the caste system
• SLAVERY - is a system of stratification in which one person owns another, as he or she would own property, and exploits the slave’s labor for economic gain.
• A system in which people are ranked strictly according to individual ability and performance is known as an open class system.
• WHAT IS SOCIAL MOBILITY? • signifies the movement of people between positions in a system of social stratification • Most commonly refers to change in wealth and social status of individuals or families
• INTRAGENERATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY – change in social position during one’s lifetime
• INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL MOBILITY – refers to the social mobility of children in relation to their parents
• GENDER STRATIFICATION • defined as the unequal distribution of wealth, power, authority, and privilege between men and women
• • race pertains to one’s biological attributes while ethnicity pertains to one’s shared cultural heritage.
• Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably. They refer to extreme or drastic changes in climate patterns worldwide.
• ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE • Human activity and its greenhouse gas emissions are the leading cause of climate change