EAPP LESSON 1-3

• MANIFESTO is a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer.
• Manifesto -  It advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature or politics.
• Manifesto - are generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual
• 1. GOAL— it can be a manifesto when we share it with other people. Its public, its declaration and it's about what one intends to have happened
• LIST AND RULES — a manifesto containing set of rules of behaving with a specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled
• MANIFESTO - s a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action.
•  GOAL—  a goal can be a manifesto when we share it with other people. Its public, its declaration and it's about what one intends to have happened
• LIST AND RULES — a manifesto containing set of rules of behaving with a specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled
• WORLD — this type of manifesto aims to  create a new world. It's not about simple rules; instead, it represents a vision for the future.
• ARGUMENT is defined as reason for the reasoning given for or against a matter under discussion — compare evidence, proof
• BALANCED ARGUMENT defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences
• LOGICAL FALLACIES are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument. As a critical thinker,  you have to identify and examine fallacies and manipulate language
• FALSE DILEMMA occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities
• APPEAL TO IGNORANCE occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa.
• SLIPPERY SLOPE occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn
• COMPLEX QUESTION occurs when two or more are rolled in one and the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point mae be satisfactory while the other is not
• APPEAL TO FORCE occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is use to argue
• APPEAL TO PITY  occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning
• APPEAL TO CONSEQUENCES occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something  are pointed out to show that the belief is false
• BANDWAGON occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks
• ATTACKING THE PERSON occurs when someone tried to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas  of the argument
• APPEAL TO AUTHORITY occurs when the arguments quotes an expert was not qualified in the particular subject matter
• ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY the authority is not mentioned or named
• HASTY GENERALIZATION occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about a population
• FALSE ANALOGY occurs when a writer assumes that the two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways
• ACCIDENT occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation, even  it should be an exception
• POST HOC it is an informal fallacy that states: “ since event a followed event b, EVENT A must have been caused by EVENT B must have been cause by event A
• WRONG DIRECTION occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed
• COMPLEX CAUSE occurs when  the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are factors which also contributed to the event
• IRRELEVANT CONCLUSION occurs when an argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead
• STRAW MAN occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refuse
• AFFIRMING THE CONSEQUENT any argument of the form. If A is true the B is true 
• DENYING THE ANTECEDENT any argument of the form. If A is true then B is true. If A is not true then B is not true
• contains - a clear proposition or statement that must be defended
• assesses - conflicting opinions or opposing views of the issue
• take - a firm stand on the issue 
• list - arguments in an organization matter to defend the stand
• consider - your audience / leader
• POSITION PAPER presents an opinion and makes a claim or stand about an issue.
•  declare - the primary goal of a position paper