GEN BIO 2

Cards (40)

  • Genetics
    The science that deals with the heredity and the factors that affect the transmission of traits from one generation to another
  • Heredity
    The transmission of genetic materials from the parents to offspring
  • Factors of Heredity
    • Environment
    • Advanced Technology
    • Biological Factors
  • Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri
    Found out that inherited trait is determined by chromosome
  • Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
    Gene in the chromosome is responsible for the transmission of traits
  • Components of a cell
    • Nucleus
    • Cell
    • Chromosome
    • DNA
    • Genes
  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

    The genetic material containing gene, also called the "blueprint of life"
  • Gene
    The factor that control the inheritance that is responsible for the transmission of traits
  • Gregor Mendel
    An Augustinian monk in Brunn, Austria, known as the Father of Classical Genetics who formulated the Blending Theory of Inheritance, a discredited theory
  • Blending Theory of Inheritance
    Inheritance of traits from two parents produces offspring with characteristics that are intermediate between those of the parents
  • When Mendel cross pollinated the tall pea plants and short pea plants, the resulting offspring were either tall or short, not medium like what the blending theory of inheritance suggests
  • Mendel's Experiment on Seven Contrasting Traits of Pea Plants
    1. Flower Color
    2. Flower Position
    3. Seed Color
    4. Seed Shape
    5. Pod Shape
    6. Pod Color
    7. Stem Length
  • F1
    The first generation offspring
  • P
    The parental generation
  • Pair of factors
    Controls the appearance of a particular trait in each organism
  • Dominant Trait
    Usually seen or expressed, symbolized by capital letters
  • Recessive Trait

    Usually hidden or not expressed, symbolized by small letters
  • Homozygous (Pure-bred)

    The gene pairs are identical
  • Homozygous Dominant
    The gene pairs are both dominant, symbolized by both capital letters
  • Homozygous Recessive
    The gene pairs are both recessive, symbolized by both small letters
  • Heterozygous (Hybrid)

    The gene pairs are not identical, symbolized by one capital letter and one small letter
  • Alleles
    The alternative forms of genes
  • Genotype
    The genetic make-up of an organism usually a letter symbolizing the trait of an organism
  • Phenotype
    The physical appearance of an organism usually an adjective or words describing a trait
  • Mendelian inheritance
    A set of primary principles relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their children; it underlies much of genetics
  • Laws of Inheritance
    The laws of inheritance were derived by Gregor Mendel, a 19th century monk conducting hybridization experiments in garden peas (Pisum sativum)
  • Mendel's experiments
    1. Between 1856 and 1863, he cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants
    2. He deduced two generalizations that later became known as Mendel's Laws of Heredity or Mendelian inheritance
    3. He described these laws in a two part paper, "Experiments on Plant Hybridization", which was published in 1866
  • Mendel's Law of Segregation
    When two traits come together in one hybrid pair, the two characters do not mix with each other and are independent of each other. Each gamete receives one of the two alleles during meiosis of the chromosome
  • Mendel's law of segregations supports the phenotypic ratio of 3:1 i.e. the homozygous dominant and heterozygous offspring show dominant traits while the homozygous recessive shows the recessive trait
  • Gametes
    The ovum and sperm cells have only one copy of each chromosome and are described as haploid
  • Recessive traits
    Recessive traits are only visible if an individual inherits two copies of the recessive allele
  • Dominant and Recessive alleles
    Alleles can be Dominant or Recessive
  • Mendel's Law of Dominance
    In a heterozygous condition, the allele whose characters are expressed over the other allele is called the dominant allele and the characters of this dominant allele are called dominant characters
  • Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment/ Dihybrid cross
    At the time of gamete formation, the two genes segregate independently of each other as well as of other traits
  • Dihybrid cross
    • A cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics
  • Monohybrid pattern of inheritance
    A pattern of inheritance from two parents which differ in ONE specific trait
  • Reginald Punnett
    • Became interested in the experimental process during his stay at Cambridge and began a scientific collaboration with William Bateson (who was doing Mendelian experimentation on plants and animals)
    • They both published the first account of gene linkage in sweet peas and later developed the "Punnett square"
  • Punnett Square
    A tool used to predict the possible breeding outcomes of two genes segregate independently of each other as well as of other traits
  • How to use Punnett Square
    1. Assign symbol for each allele
    2. Determine the Genotype of each parent
    3. Determine the kind of Gametes produced by each parent
    4. Draw the Punnett Square
    5. Identify the Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios
  • There is no chance to have dwarf pea plants from the cross because all offspring are heterozygous