1.1 Cell Structure

• Domains


  • Microscopy
  • Specialisation + Differentiation
• Light microscope


  Uses light to create an image
• Eukaryotes


  • Plants
  • Animals
• Prokaryotes


  No nucleus, circular DNA, plasmids, no membrane bound organelles
• Magnification


  Number of times large the image appears compared to the size of the object
• Resolution


  Smallest distance between 2 points where they are seen as separate
• Electron microscope


  Uses electron beam, observes greater detail, higher resolution
• Plants


  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
  • Ribosomes
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Cell membrane
• Animals


  • Nucleus
  • Nuclear envelope present
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell membrane
• Cell types


  • Xylem cells
  • Phloem cells
  • Sperm cells
  • Nerve cells
• Differentiation


  Most differentiate at an early stage, many cell types can differentiate throughout a plant's life
• Aseptic techniques


  1. Sterilise equipment by flaming

  2. Incubate at 25°C to prevent growth of bacteria pathogenic to humans

  3. Petri dish lid should be taped and placed upside-down
• To test the effectiveness of antibiotics

  Measure area of zone of inhibition
• Upside-down to prevent condensation disrupting culture
• Involved in protein synthesis
• Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
• Stores cell sap and pigments
• Controls movement of substances in and out of cells
• Packaging and modification for transport
• ATP synthesis
• Lipid synthesis
• Protein synthesis
• Binary fission
• Biology only