cells

• Robert Hooke 


  Discovered cell from the invention of microscopes.
• Cell Theory


  All living things are made up of one or more cells
• Cells


  basic unit of life
• cell are the lowest level of biological organization
• eukaryotic cells


  the type of cells in humans (10-100 cell in diameter)
• prokaryotic cell


  the type of cell bacteria are made up of (1-10mm diameter)
• Postulates of the cell theory

  1. all living things are made up of one or more cells
  2. cells are the basic unit of life
  3. every cell is generated from another cell that existed before it
• The plasma membrane surrounds the entire cell and controls what enters and exits the cell.
• The nucleus contains DNA, which carries genetic information.
• four key qualities that all cells share

  1. centrally located DNA
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Plasma membrane
  4. ribosomes
• cytoplasm


  the internal feeling of all cells, it contains all machinery for a cell to function
• ribosomes


  these are the factories that make proteins
• prokaryotic life forms


  made up of individual cells or are single cell
• eukaryotic cells


  defined by many membrane-bound organelles, can either be single cell or multicellular.
• plants, animals, fungi have eukaryotic cell
• prokaryotic cell


  most of the DNA is continued in one circular main chromosome
• eukaryotic cell


  contains multiple non circular chromosome
• taxonomic ranking

  domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genes - species
• common features of prokaryotic cells

  • DNA
  • Cell wall
  • Capsule
  • Pilus
  • Flagellum
• Cell Wall


  Old structure around the plasma membrane that protects and maintain the shape of the cell
• capsule


  the sturdy outer coating around the cell wall and help the cell attach to other cells or surfaces. it also protects the cell from dying out and other environmental harms.
• pilus


  used for attachment to other cells or surfaces and help the cell mobility
• flagellum


  tail-like structure that are spun to move the cell
• organelles found in all eukaryotic cells

  • cytoskeleton
  • smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • transport vesicle
  • golgi apparatus
  • mitochondrion
• cytoskeleton


  network of protein fibers, also used for transportation of cell parts
• smooth ER


  makes lipids (or fats), processes harmful substances, store calcium ions which are used for signaling
• Rough ER


  proteins or organelles that will be sent out of the cell to plasma membrane are made here
• transport vesicle


  the proteins or organelles that are made from rough ER are package in a small membrane-enclosed sacs which will head to golgi apparatus
• golgi apparatus


  this organelle collects, modifies, and eventually ships proteins to their intended location (has its receiving and shipping side)
• mitochondrion


  paired on energy production for the cell, this break down sugar to produce adhesive triphosphate (ATP)
• organelles that are only present in animal cell

  • centrosome
  • lysosome
• centrosome


  often located near the nucleus, contains a pair of centrioles
• centrosome


  this is where the microtubules are initiated or grow out
• lysosome


  acidic compartment filled with digestive enzyme called hydrolytic enzymes that are used to digest food and break down damaged organelles for recycling and destroy bacteria
• organelles that are only present in plant cells

  • central vacuole
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
• central vacuole


  large membrane bounded vesicle, responsible for water absorption and storage of water and other chemicals
• chloroplast


  the site of photosynthesis
• three basic types of cell modification

  1. apical (top)
  2. lateral (side)
  3. basal (bottom)
• animals cell lacks cell wall but they secrete extracellular matrix
• tight junctions


  holds the cells together and enable the materials to pass through