sports final

• Sociology of sport


  A subdiscipline of sociology and physical education that studies sport as a social phenomenon
• Social world


  • The social aspects of the world we live in (e.g., community, family, romantic relationship, friendship)
  • A group of people who gather around a common interest or activity
• Culture


  • Organize team events and team-building exercises
  • Connectedness/bond relationship between teammates
• Social interaction


  • The process of reciprocal influence exercised by individuals over one another during social encounters
  • Open communication
  • Hierarchy (coach is at the top, players are at the bottom)
  • Building trust: feedback and accountability/ constructive criticism
• Social structure


  • Patterns and relationships between and within groups
  • Policy and procedures
  • Oversight
  • Gatherings (specific meetings and times for practice)
• Physical culture


  All forms of movement and physical activities that people in particular social worlds create, sustain and regularly include in their collective lives
• Diversity


  The variety of similarities and differences among people, including not limited to gender, gender identity, ethnicity, race, indigenous origin, age, generation, sexual orientation, culture, religion, belief system, marital status, parental status, socio-economic difference, appearance, language and accent, ability, mental health, education, geography, nationality, work style, work experience, job role and function, thinking style, and personality type
• Inclusion


  • Everyone in our diverse community, regardless of their gender, age, race, culture, religion, sexual orientation or ability, is afforded a range of opportunities to participate
  • Equal opportunity
  • Accessibility
  • A dynamic state of operating in which diversity is leveraged to create a fair, healthy and high-performing organization or community
  • An all-inclusive environment ensures equitable access to resources and opportunities for all
  • Enables individuals and groups to feel safe, respected, engaged, motivated and valued, for who they are and to their contributions towards organizational and societal groups
• Equity


  • The fair treatment, access, and opportunity for all people while at the same time striving to identify and eliminate barriers that have prevented the full participation of some groups
  • Equity is the process, equality is the result
• Belonging


  Having a voice that will be heard at that table
• Implicit bias


  • Sometimes called unconscious bias, happens when we allow our own attitudes, feelings, stereotypes, or beliefs to impact our judgement or understanding of other people
  • It's an involuntary process based on our deep-seated thoughts
• Types of unconscious bias

  • Affinity bias
  • Confirmation bias
  • Halo effect
  • Perception biases
  • Bandwagon bias
• Microaggressions


  • Every day, commonplace verbal and nonverbal indignities, insults, and slights that communicate hostile or negative messages to members of a stigmatized, underrepresented or marginalized group
  • Microaggressions repeat or affirm stereotypes
• Types of microaggressions


  • Microinvalidation
  • Microinsult
  • Microassault
• Theoretical frameworks


  • Logically interrelated explanations of the actions and relationships of human beings and the organization and dynamics of social worlds
  • Provide a structured lens through which researchers can analyze and interpret social phenomena within the realm of sports
  • Offer a set of concepts, principles, and assumptions that guide researchers in understanding the complexities of social interactions, power dynamics, and cultural influences within sporting contexts
  • Help researchers formulate relevant research questions
  • Allow researchers to interpret their findings within a broader theoretical context
  • Inform methodological choices in research design
  • Contribute to the cumulative knowledge base of sports sociology
  • Help address practical issues within the realm of sports, such as inequality, discrimination, and access to opportunities

  
• Critical race theory


  • Analyzes how social and political laws and media shape social conceptions of race and ethnicity
  • Considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules and not only based on individual prejudices
  • Based on the premise that race is not a natural, biologically grounded feature of a physically distinct subgroup of humans, but a socially constructed (culturally invented) category that is used to oppress and exploit people of colour
• Critical feminist theory


  • Assumes that knowledge about social life requires an understanding of gender and gender relations
  • Explains how and why the bodies, abilities, orientations, and relationships of girls and women are systematically devalued in sports
  • Explains why gender equity and the transformation of the culture and structure of sports are in the best interests of both females and males
• Messner's three sociology of sport theories

  • Cultural theories: explain what we know about the ways that people think and express their values, ideas, and beliefs as they live together and create social worlds
  • Interactionist theories: explain what we know about the origins, dynamics, and consequences of social interaction among people in particular social worlds
  • Structural theories: explain what we know about forms of social organizations that influence actions and relationships

  
• Ableist ideology


  • A system of beliefs, attitudes, and practices that discriminate against and marginalize individuals with disabilities
  • Rooted in the notion that certain abilities and characteristics are superior to others, leading to the devaluation and oppression of people with disabilities
• Ageism


  An evaluative perspective that favours one age group (usually younger people) over others and justifies discrimination against particular age groups that are assumed to be incapable of full participation in valued social and cultural activities
• Ableism


  An evaluative perspective in which the label of disability marks a person as inferior and incapable of full participation in mainstream activities

  
• Impairment


  A physical, sensory or intellectual/cognitive condition that potentially limits a person's full participation in social and/or physical environments
• Disability


  An evolving concept that results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others
• Intersexuality


  The meanings given to age vary with socially significant attributes, such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity, and these meanings are applied to ability and physical activity in ways that influence sports participation
• Medical model perspective on disability in sports

  • The focus is on the individual athlete's impairment as the problem, and the solution is to try to "normalize" the impairment through medical interventions
• Social model perspective on disability in sports

  • The focus is on the external environment as the problem, highlighting how societal attitudes, physical barriers, and lack of accommodations in sports settings create barriers to full participation for athletes with disabilities
• Factors that influence gender construct according to the WHO

  • Norms
  • Hierarchy and Intersectionality
  • Gender interacts but is different from sex
  • Gender influences people's
• Social Model Perspective


  Focuses on the external environment as the problem rather than the individual's impairment
• Hegemonic Femininity


  Characteristics defined as womanly that are established and legitimate, requiring a woman to be gentle, kind, White, heterosexual and child-bearing
• Gender Ideology


  Interrelated ideas and beliefs widely used to define masculinity and femininity, identify people in terms of sex and sexuality, evaluate forms of sexual expression, and organize social relationships
• Orthodox Gender Ideology


  Ideas and beliefs associated with an inflexible two-sex, or binary, approach system of classifying all humans into two non-overlapping categories
• Decolonizing is the process of deconstructing colonial ideologies that foster Western discourses as superior while non-Western discourses as viewed as inferior
• Decolonizing physical activity and sports aim to deconstruct societal structures and forces that allow for inequalities to reproduce in physical activity and sports towards indigenous communities
• Calls to Action related to Sport in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

  • 87. Provide public education that tells the national story of Aboriginal athletes in history
  • 88. Ensure long-term Aboriginal athlete development and growth, and continued support for the North American Indigenous Games
  • 89. Amend the Physical Activity and Sport Act to support reconciliation
  • 90. Ensure national sports policies, programs, and initiatives are inclusive of Aboriginal peoples
  • 91. Ensure that Indigenous peoples' territorial protocols are respected, and local Indigenous communities are engaged in all aspects of planning and participating in international sporting events
• Politics


  Processes of organizing social power and making decisions that affect people's lives in a social world
• Government


  Formal organizations with the power to make and enforce rules in a particular territory or collection of people
• Power


  The ability to influence people and achieve goals, even in the face of opposition from others
• Authority


  A form of power that comes with a recognized and legitimate status or office in a government, an organization, or an established set of relationships
• Roles of Government in Sport

  • Safeguard public order
  • Ensure fairness and protect human rights
  • Maintain health and fitness
  • Promote recognition and prestige of community or nation
  • Promote nation-building
  • Reaffirm dominant political power
  • Increase support for political leaders and government
  • Promote economic development
• Government involvement in sports often fosters the interests of some people more than others