cycle 7

• what is the only RNA that is translated into protein?

  mRNA
• coding strand


  sequence of transcript matches the sequence
• template strand


  sequence of transcript is COMPLEMENTARY to this sequence
• mRNA is synthesized from...

  mRNA is read from...

  mRNA is synthesized from 5' to 3'

  
  

  mRNA is read from 3' to 5
• are non-coding RNA regions read as having codons?

  no, they are not read as having codons
• nonsense mutation


  premature stop codon in translation
• missense mutation


  change in amino acid encoded
• frameshift mutation


  insertions and deletions shift the reading frame
• where does transcription occur in prokaryotes

  cytoplasm
• where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

  nucleus
• in prokaryotes, how does transcription begin?

  RNA polymerase recognizes -35 and -10 regions in the promoter and initiates transcription by binding to the promoter
• in eukaryotes, how does transcription begin?

  RNA polymerase recognizes transcription factors bound to TATA box in the promoter, & initiates transcription by binding to promoter
• how does transcription and translation occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  by binding to promoter
• promoter proximal and enhancer regions are used for...

  for additional regulation
• in prokaryotes, are there promoter proximal & enhancer regions for additional regulation?

  NO
• in eukaryotes, are there promoter proximal & enhancer regions for additional regulation?

  YES
• where are the 5' UTR and 3' UTR present in prokaryotes? (aka which type of RNA?)

  in mRNA
• where are the 5' UTR and 3' UTR present in eukaryotes?

  in pre-mRNA and mRNA
• in prokaryotes, how can transcription & translation occur at the same time?

  in prokaryotes, fully mature mRNA is made from the start

  
  

  - doesn't make pre-mRNA, goes straight from DNA --> mature mRNA

  
  

  mRNA --> proteins
• in eukaryotes, why CANNOT transcription & translation occur at the same time?

  in eukaryotes, you must create pre-mRNA which has introns

  
  

  after the pre-mRNA is done, you must excise the introns to mRNA and THEN you can translate

  
  

  pre-mRNA --> mRNA --> proteins
• does splicing occur in translation or trancription

  it occurs in translation
• does splicing occur in prokaryotes or eukaryotes? why?

  splicing occurs in eukaryotes, because prokaryotes do not have introns
• do prokaryotes or eukaryotes has snRNPs?

  eukaryotes, since prokaryotes have no introns to splice out
• transcription terminator in prokaryotes is...

  hairpin loop
• hairpin loop


  created by an inverted repeat

  - stops prokaryotic transcription
• transcription terminator in eukaryotes is...

  cleavage site
• cleavage site


  RNA polymerase knows when to stop transcribing when RNA is cut, which is cleaved off by RNases

  - stops transcription in eukaryotes
• in eukaryotes, mRNA contains _____ and _______

  5' cap and polyA tail
• what is the purpose of a 5' cap and poly A tail?

  protect the transcript and help it get exported from the nucleus and translated on the ribosomes in cytosol
• ribosomes


  protein making machines
• in prokaryotes, translation occurs in...

  when?


  cytoplasm

  
  

  occurs at the SAME TIME and SAME PLACE as transcription
• in prokaryotes, how does translation begin?

  ribosome recognizes SD box, & its mRNA component complementary base pairs with rRNA

  
  

  SD box comp base pairs rRNA

  
  

  then, it initiates translation at the START codon
• in eukaryotes, where does translation occur


  cytoplasm, ER, mitochondria, chloroplast
• in eukaryotes, how does translation begin?

  ribosome recognizes 5' cap & scans 5' UTR of the mRNA until it reaches the AUG start codon
• in prokaryotes, what complementary base pairing occurs between RNA? during translation

  mRNA and rRNA
• in eukaryotes, what complementary base pairing occurs between RNA? during translation


  there is NO COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING with rRNA and mRNA
• what does DNA complementary base pair with?

  self (DNA), mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA

  
  

  = ALL OF THEM!!!!!!
• what does mRNA complementary base pair with?

  self (RNA), DNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA

  
  

  = ALL OF THEM!!!!!!
• what does rRNA complementary base pair with?

  self (rRNA), DNA, mRNA
• what does tRNA complementary base pair with?

  self (tRNA), DNA, mRNA