science 9 3rd q. exam

• convergent: coming closer together; converging
• divergent: moving away from each other
• convergent, divergent, and hotspot can create volcano. On the other hand, transform cannot.
• Volcano: A large opening in the Earth's crust through which magma rises.
• parts of volcano

  A) ash cloud

  B) crater

  C) summit

  D) vents- main, 2ndary

  E) secondary cone

  F) lava flow

  G) ash

  H) solidified lava

  I) throat

  J) conduit

  K) sill

  L) dike

  M) magma chamber

  N) rock layers

  
• causes of magma eruption: magma generation, magma ascent, pressure buildup, fracture formation, volcanic eruption
• magma generation: melting of magma due to high temperatures and pressure
• magma ascent: magma rises through the crust and is forced upwards
• pressure buildup: overlying rocks prohibit magma to rise leading to build up of pressure
• fracture formation: due to too much pressure, crack will be seen and the opening in the crater
• volcanic eruption: the explosive release of gases and molten rock from a volcano
• types of volcano: shield, composite, cinder cone
• cinder cone volcano: the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone
• composite volcano: A stratovolcano is a conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lava and tephra.
• shield volcano: a broad domed volcano with gently sloping sides, characteristic of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava.
• pyroclastics: rocks formed when magma explodes out of a volcano
• tephra: any fragmental material ejected during an explosive volcanic eruption
• active volcano: a volcano that is currently erupting or has recently erupted
• dormant volcano: a volcano that has not erupted in a long time but may erupt in the future
• extinct volcano: a volcano that will never erupt again because it no longer contains molten rock
• topography: the study of the shape of the land surface, including the elevation of the land and the direction of the slope
• orographic lifting: air rising over mountains, causing air to be warmer and rise
• adiabatic cooling: the cooling of a substance without the transfer of heat to the surroundings
• precipitation: the process of water falling from the sky and soaking into the ground
• prevailing winds: winds that blow from the direction of the prevailing currents
• condensation: water vapor transforms into liquid water
• evaporation: the process of turning from liquid into vapour
• rain shadow: an area of low precipitation due to the prevailing winds
• Leeward: situated on or towards the side sheltered from the wind; downwind
• windward: the side of a mountain or coastline facing the prevailing winds
• windward orographic lifting: air is forced up the side of a mountain due to the force of gravity ( cools and condenses )
• greenhouse: process through which air is trapped near earths surface by substance known as "greenhouse gas"
• greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4, nitrous oxide N2O
• El niño: refers to a warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea surface temperatures, in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
• milky way: is a spiral galaxy with huge collection of stars, dust, and gas.

  composition: nucleus, central bulge, disk, spiral arms, massive halo

  size: 100,000 light years across

  galaxy type: barred spiral

  no. of stars: 200 billion

  age: 13.6 billion years old
• constellation: a group of stars that form a recognizable pattern in the sky
• name?

  perseus

  
• largest constellation in the sky. name?

  eridanus

  
• defined as pair of twin boys, what constellation is this?

  gemini
• beautiful constellation, (w) name?

  cassiopeia